Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/topïk

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

From *top (“round thing”) +‎ *-ik (diminutive suffix).

The Turkic intervocalic -p- has been changed to intervocalic hiatus in borrowings of Mongolic, to make it suitable for Mongolic phonetics

Noun

*topïk (Common Turkic)

1. small ball, pellet
2. knee cap
3. knee
4. anklebone; heel bone

Declension

Declension of *topïk (Common Turkic)

	singular	plural 2)
nominative	*topïk	*topïklar
accusative
genitive	*topïknïŋ	*topïklarnïŋ
dative	*topïkka	*topïklarka
locative	*topïkta	*topïklarda
ablative	*topïktan	*topïklardan
instrumental 1)		*topïklarïn
equative 1)	*topïkča	*topïklarča

¹⁾ The original instrumental and equative cases have fallen into disuse in many Common Turkic languages.
²⁾ This plural suffix is used only on Common Turkic, and not in Oghur. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page on Wikibooks.

Descendants

• → Proto-Mongolic: *toyig
  • Mongolian: тойг (tojg, “kneecap”)
  • Buryat: тойн (tojn, “kneecap”)
  • Kalmyk: төң (töñ, “kneecap”)
  • ⇒ Proto-Mongolic: *tobkai
    • Mongolian: туухай (tuuxaj, “a face of an anklebone”)
      • ⇒ Mongolian: туухуу (tuuxuu, “knee-covering, knee warmer”)
    • → Manchu: ᡨᠣᠪᡤᡳᡟᠠ (tobgiya, “knee”)

• Arghu:
  • Khalaj: topuq
• Oghuz:
  • Old Anatolian Turkish:
    • Azerbaijani: topuq
    • Ottoman Turkish: طوپوق (topuk)
      • Turkish: topuk (“heel bone”)
  • Salar: tox
  • Turkmen: topuk
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: تُبِقْ (topık, “small ball, pellet; ankle bone”)
    • Uzbek: topiq
    • Uyghur: توپۇق (topuq, “kneecap; patella”)
• Kipchak:
  • North Kipchak:
    • Bashkir: тубыҡ (tubıq)
    • Tatar: тубык (tubıq)
  • West Kipchak:
    • Crimean Tatar:
    • Kumyk: тобукъ (tobuq)
    • Karachay-Balkar: тобукъ (tobuq)
    • Karaim: [script needed] (tobuq)
  • South Kipchak:
    • Caspian:
      • Karakalpak: tobiʻq
      • Kazakh: тобық (tobyq)
      • Nogai: [script needed] (tobıq)
    • Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
      • Kyrgyz: томук (tomuk)
      • Southern Altai: томук (tomuk), тобук (tobuk)
• Siberian:
  • North Siberian:
    • Yakut: тобук (tobuk)
    • Dolgan: тобук
  • South Siberian:
    • Sayan:
      • Tuvan: довук (dovuk)
      • Tofa: [script needed] (to'puq)
    • Yenisei:
      • Old Uyghur: [script needed] (topïq)
      • Khakas: томых (tomıx, “kneecap”)
      • Western Yugur: tōq
    • Northern Altai: тобык (tobïk)