Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/yumuĺ

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *yum- +‎ *-uĺ. Perhaps related to Ottoman Turkish [script needed] (yumurmak, “to tidy up”).

Noun

*yumuĺ

1. work

   Synonym: *īĺč

2. service
3. necessity

Declension

Declension of *yumuĺ

	Singular 3)
Nominative	*yumuĺ
Accusative	*yumuĺnï, *yumuĺug 4), *yumuĺnïg 1)
Genitive	*yumuĺnïŋ
Dative	*yumuĺka
Locative	*yumuĺta
Ablative	*yumuĺtan
Allative	*yumuĺgaru
Instrumental 2)	*yumuĺun
Equative 2)	*yumuĺča
Similative 2)	*yumuĺlayu
Comitative 2)	*yumuĺlugu

¹⁾ Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
⁴⁾ Found in the Old Turkic era.

Descendants

• Oghur:
  • Chuvash: ҫӑмӑл (śămăl)

• Oghuz:
  • Old Anatolian Turkish:
    • Ottoman Turkish:
      • Turkish: yumuş
  • Turkmen: ýumuş
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: [script needed] (yumuš)
    • Uzbek: yumush
• Kipchak:
  • North Kipchak:
    • Bashkir: йомош (yomoş)
    • Tatar: йомыш (yomış)
  • West Kipchak:
    • Karachay-Balkar: джумуш (cumuş)
    • Karaim: jumuš
  • South Kipchak:
    • Caspian:
      • Kazakh: жұмыс (jūmys)
      • Karakalpak: jumi's
    • Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
      • Kyrgyz: жумуш (jumuş)
      • Southern Altai: јымыш (ǰïmïš)
• Siberian:
  • Old Turkic: [script needed] (yumuš)
  • Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yumuš)
  • South Siberian:
    • Yenisei:
      • Khakas: нымыс (nımıs)
    • Sayan:
      • Tuvan: чымыш (çımış)

Further reading

• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*jumuĺ”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill