Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/dungijan

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From *dungu (“manure”) +‎ *-jan.

Verb

*dungijan

1. to fertilize
2. to irrigate

Inflection

Class 1 weak
Infinitive	*dungijan
1st sg. past	*dungidā
Infinitive	*dungijan
Genitive infin.	*dungijannjas
Dative infin.	*dungijannjē
Instrum. infin.	*dungijannju
Indicative	Present	Past
1st singular	*dungiju	*dungidā
2nd singular	*dungisi	*dungidēs, *dungidōs
3rd singular	*dungiþi	*dungidē, *dungidā
1st plural	*dungijum	*dungidum
2nd plural	*dungiþ	*dungidud
3rd plural	*dungijanþ	*dungidun
Subjunctive	Present	Past
1st singular	*dungijē	*dungidī
2nd singular	*dungijēs	*dungidī
3rd singular	*dungijē	*dungidī
1st plural	*dungijēm	*dungidīm
2nd plural	*dungijēþ	*dungidīd
3rd plural	*dungijēn	*dungidīn
Imperative	Present
Singular	*dungi
Plural	*dungiþ
	Present	Past
Participle	*dungijandī	*dungid

Related terms

• *dungōn

Derived terms

• *bidungijan
  • Old English: *bedynġan
    • Middle English: bidingen, bedungen, bydyngen
      • English: bedung
  • Old Frisian: *bidenga, *bidonga
    • ⇒ West Frisian: bedongje (Class 2 weak verb)
    • ⇒ West Frisian: onbidonge, ûnbedonge
  • Old Saxon: *bidungian
    • Middle Low German: bedüngen
  • Old Dutch: *bidungen
    • Middle Dutch: *bedongen
      • Dutch: bedongen
  • Old High German: *bitungen
    • Middle High German: betungen
      • German: bedüngen

Descendants

• Old English: dynġan
  • ⇒? Old English: ġedynġan (attestions are past participles/adjectives and may thus be merely forms of Old English dynġan)
• Old Frisian: denga
• Old Saxon: *dungian
  • Middle Low German: düngen
    • Low German: düngen
• Old High German: tungen
  • Middle High German: tungen, tüngen, dungen
    • German: düngen