User:Gilgamesh~enwiktionary/Greek IPA tokens
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This is a concept for a template-argument-based common set of tokens for indicating Classical Greek pronunciation. Ancient, Koine, Byzantine and Contemporary (Modern) periods are covered—how Greek people in these periods pronounced Classical Greek words.
Code | Greek | Class. IPA | Koine IPA | Byzan. IPA | Cont. IPA | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
_ | Inserts a space in the IPA text. | |||||
. | . | In Ancient IPA only, inserted between two adjacent vowels syllables to clarify that they do not form a single syllable diphthong. Never used in Koine IPA onward. | ||||
h | h | (h) | Ancient Greek heavy breathing phoneme, which becomes scarce in Koine and vanishes afterwards. | |||
a | ᾰ | a | a | a | a | For short α or α of uncertain length (presumed to be short unless otherwise specified). |
a' | ά (ᾰ) | á | ˈa | ˈa | ˈa | |
a` | ὰ (ᾰ) | à | ˈa | ˈa | ˈa | |
aa | ᾱ | aː | a(ː) | a | a | |
aa' | ά (ᾱ) | áː | ˈa(ː) | ˈa | ˈa | |
aa` | ὰ (ᾱ) | àː | ˈa(ː) | ˈa | ˈa | |
aa^ | ᾶ | ȃː invalid IPA characters (ȃ) | ˈa(ː) | ˈa | ˈa | |
ai | αι | aɪ | ɛ(ː) | e̞ | e̞ | |
ai' | αί | áɪ | ˈɛ(ː) | ˈe̞ | ˈe̞ | |
ai` | αὶ | àɪ | ˈɛ(ː) | ˈe̞ | ˈe̞ | |
ai^ | αῖ | ȃɪ invalid IPA characters (ȃ) | ˈɛ(ː) | ˈe̞ | ˈe̞ | |
aai | ᾳ | aːj | a(ː) | a | a | |
aai' | ᾴ | áːj | ˈa(ː) | ˈa | ˈa | |
aai` | ᾲ | àːj | ˈa(ː) | ˈa | ˈa | |
aai^ | ᾷ | ȃːj invalid IPA characters (ȃ) | ˈa(ː) | ˈa | ˈa | |
au | ᾰυ | aʊ | aw | av | av | |
au' | ᾰύ | áʊ | ˈaw | ˈav | ˈav | |
au` | ᾰὺ | àʊ | ˈaw | ˈav | ˈav | |
au^ | ᾰῦ | ȃʊ invalid IPA characters (ȃ) | ˈaw | ˈav | ˈav | |
auh | ᾰυ | aʊ | aʍ | af | af | Before voiceless consonants or word-final. |
auh' | ᾰύ | áʊ | ˈaʍ | ˈaf | ˈaf | |
auh` | ᾰὺ | àʊ | ˈaʍ | ˈaf | ˈaf | |
auh^ | ᾰῦ | ȃʊ invalid IPA characters (ȃ) | ˈaʍ | ˈaf | ˈaf | |
aub | ᾰυβ | aʊb | awb | avv | a(v)v | |
au'b | ᾰύβ | áʊb | ˈawb | ˈavv | ˈa(v)v | |
au`b | ᾰὺβ | àʊb | ˈawb | ˈavv | ˈa(v)v | |
au^b | ᾰῦβ | ȃʊb invalid IPA characters (ȃ) | ˈawb | ˈavv | ˈa(v)v | |
auph | ᾰυφ | aʊpʰ | aʍpʰ | aff | a(f)f | |
au'ph | ᾰύφ | áʊpʰ | ˈaʍpʰ | ˈaff | ˈa(f)f | |
au`ph | ᾰὺφ | àʊpʰ | ˈaʍpʰ | ˈaff | ˈa(f)f | |
au^ph | ᾰῦφ | ȃʊpʰ invalid IPA characters (ȃ) | ˈaʍpʰ | ˈaff | ˈa(f)f | |
aau | ᾱυ | aːw | a(ː)w | av | av | |
aau' | ᾱύ | áːw | ˈa(ː)w | ˈav | ˈav | |
aau` | ᾱὺ | àːw | ˈa(ː)w | ˈav | ˈav | |
aau^ | ᾱῦ | ȃːw invalid IPA characters (ȃ) | ˈa(ː)w | ˈav | ˈav | |
aauh | ᾱυ | aːw | a(ː)ʍ | af | af | Before voiceless consonants or word-final. |
aauh' | ᾱύ | áːw | ˈa(ː)ʍ | ˈaf | ˈaf | |
aauh` | ᾱὺ | àːw | ˈa(ː)ʍ | ˈaf | ˈaf | |
aauh^ | ᾱῦ | ȃːw invalid IPA characters (ȃ) | ˈa(ː)ʍ | ˈaf | ˈaf | |
aaub | ᾱυβ | aːwb | a(ː)wb | avv | a(v)v | |
aau'b | ᾱύβ | áːwb | ˈa(ː)wb | ˈavv | ˈa(v)v | |
aau`b | ᾱὺβ | àːwb | ˈa(ː)wb | ˈavv | ˈa(v)v | |
aau^b | ᾱῦβ | ȃːwb invalid IPA characters (ȃ) | ˈa(ː)wb | ˈavv | ˈa(v)v | |
aauph | ᾱυφ | aːwpʰ | a(ː)ʍpʰ | aff | a(f)f | |
aau'ph | ᾱύφ | áːwpʰ | ˈa(ː)ʍpʰ | ˈaff | ˈa(f)f | |
aau`ph | ᾱὺφ | àːwpʰ | ˈa(ː)ʍpʰ | ˈaff | ˈa(f)f | |
aau^ph | ᾱῦφ | ȃːwpʰ invalid IPA characters (ȃ) | ˈa(ː)ʍpʰ | ˈaff | ˈa(f)f | |
b | β | b | b | v | v | |
bb | ββ | bb | bb | vv | (v)v | |
g | γ | ɡ | ɡ | ɣ | ɣ | |
gj | γ | ɡ | ɡ | ɣ | ʝ | Before front vowels in Contemporary pronunciation. |
ng | γγ | ŋɡ | ŋɡ | ŋɣ | ŋɡ | |
ngj | γγ | ŋɡ | ŋɡ | ŋɣ | ɲɟ | Before front vowels in Contemporary pronunciation. |
nk | γκ | ŋk | ŋk | ŋk | ̃ɡ | |
nkj | γκ | ŋk | ŋk | ŋk | ̃ɟ | Before front vowels in Contemporary pronunciation. |
nks | γξ | ŋkʰs | ŋks | ŋks | ̃ɡz | |
nkh | γχ | ŋkʰ | ŋkʰ | ŋx | ŋx | |
nkhj | γχ | ŋkʰ | ŋkʰ | ŋx | ɲç | Before front vowels in Contemporary pronunciation. |
d | δ | d | d | ð | ð | |
(d) | δ | d | ð | ð | Before ζ σ ς. Suppressed in Ancient pronunciation. | |
dd | δδ | dd | dd | ðð | (ð)ð | |
e | ε | e | ɛ | e̞ | e̞ | |
e' | έ | é | ˈɛ | ˈe̞ | ˈe̞ | |
e` | ὲ | è | ˈɛ | ˈe̞ | ˈe̞ | |
ei | ει | eː | i(ː) | i | i | |
ei' | εί | éː | ˈi(ː) | ˈi | ˈi | |
ei` | εὶ | èː | ˈi(ː) | ˈi | ˈi | |
ei^ | εῖ | ȇː invalid IPA characters (ȇ) | ˈi(ː) | ˈi | ˈi | |
eu | ευ | eʊ | ɛw | e̞v | e̞v | |
eu' | εύ | éʊ | ˈɛw | ˈe̞v | ˈe̞v | |
eu` | εὺ | èʊ | ˈɛw | ˈe̞v | ˈe̞v | |
eu^ | εῦ | ȇʊ invalid IPA characters (ȇ) | ˈɛw | ˈe̞v | ˈe̞v | |
euh | ευ | eʊ | ɛʍ | e̞f | e̞f | Before voiceless consonants or word-final. |
euh' | εύ | éʊ | ˈɛʍ | ˈe̞f | ˈe̞f | |
euh` | εὺ | èʊ | ˈɛʍ | ˈe̞f | ˈe̞f | |
euh^ | εῦ | ȇʊ invalid IPA characters (ȇ) | ˈɛʍ | ˈe̞f | ˈe̞f | |
eub | ευβ | eʊb | ɛwb | e̞vv | e̞(v)v | |
eu'b | εύβ | éʊb | ˈɛwb | ˈe̞vv | ˈe̞(v)v | |
eu`b | εὺβ | èʊb | ˈɛwb | ˈe̞vv | ˈe̞(v)v | |
eu^b | εῦβ | ȇʊb invalid IPA characters (ȇ) | ˈɛwb | ˈe̞vv | ˈe̞(v)v | |
euph | ευφ | eʊpʰ | ɛʍpʰ | e̞ff | e̞(f)f | |
eu'ph | εύφ | éʊpʰ | ˈɛʍpʰ | ˈe̞ff | ˈe̞(f)f | |
eu`ph | εὺφ | èʊpʰ | ˈɛʍpʰ | ˈe̞ff | ˈe̞(f)f | |
eu^ph | εῦφ | ȇʊpʰ invalid IPA characters (ȇ) | ˈɛʍpʰ | ˈe̞ff | ˈe̞(f)f | |
z | ζ | zd | z | z | z | |
zz | ζ | zd | zz | z | z | Between vowels in Koine. |
ee | η | ɛː | e(ː) | i | i | |
ee' | ή | ɛ́ː | ˈe(ː) | ˈi | ˈi | |
ee` | ὴ | ɛ̀ː | ˈe(ː) | ˈi | ˈi | |
ee^ | ῆ | ɛ̑ː invalid IPA characters (̑) | ˈe(ː) | ˈi | ˈi | |
eei | ῃ | ɛːj | e(ː) | i | i | |
eei' | ῄ | ɛ́ːj | ˈe(ː) | ˈi | ˈi | |
eei` | ῂ | ɛ̀ːj | ˈe(ː) | ˈi | ˈi | |
eei^ | ῇ | ɛ̑ːj invalid IPA characters (̑) | ˈe(ː) | ˈi | ˈi | |
eeu | ηυ | ɛːw | e(ː)w | iv | iv | |
eeu' | ηύ | ɛ́ːw | ˈe(ː)w | ˈiv | ˈiv | |
eeu` | ηὺ | ɛ̀ːw | ˈe(ː)w | ˈiv | ˈiv | |
eeu^ | ηῦ | ɛ̑ːw invalid IPA characters (̑) | ˈe(ː)w | ˈiv | ˈiv | |
eeuh | ηυ | ɛːw | e(ː)ʍ | if | if | Before voiceless consonants or word-final. |
eeuh' | ηύ | ɛ́ːw | ˈe(ː)ʍ | ˈif | ˈif | |
eeuh` | ηὺ | ɛ̀ːw | ˈe(ː)ʍ | ˈif | ˈif | |
eeuh^ | ηῦ | ɛ̑ːw invalid IPA characters (̑) | ˈe(ː)ʍ | ˈif | ˈif | |
eeub | ηυβ | ɛːwb | e(ː)wb | ivv | i(v)v | |
eeu'b | ηύβ | ɛ́ːwb | ˈe(ː)wb | ˈivv | ˈi(v)v | |
eeu`b | ηὺβ | ɛ̀ːwb | ˈe(ː)wb | ˈivv | ˈi(v)v | |
eeu^b | ηῦβ | ɛ̑ːwb invalid IPA characters (̑) | ˈe(ː)wb | ˈivv | ˈi(v)v | |
eeuph | ηυφ | ɛːwpʰ | e(ː)ʍpʰ | iff | i(f)f | |
eeu'ph | ηύφ | ɛ́ːwpʰ | ˈe(ː)ʍpʰ | ˈiff | ˈi(f)f | |
eeu`ph | ηὺφ | ɛ̀ːwpʰ | ˈe(ː)ʍpʰ | ˈiff | ˈi(f)f | |
eeu^ph | ηῦφ | ɛ̑ːwpʰ invalid IPA characters (̑) | ˈe(ː)ʍpʰ | ˈiff | ˈi(f)f | |
th | θ | tʰ | tʰ | θ | θ | |
(th) | θ | tʰ | θ | θ | Before ζ σ ς. Suppressed in Ancient pronunciation. | |
thth | θθ | ttʰ | ttʰ | θθ | (θ)θ | |
i | ῐ | i | i | i | i | For short ι or ι of uncertain length (presumed to be short unless otherwise specified). |
i' | ί (ῐ) | í | ˈi | ˈi | ˈi | |
i` | ὶ (ῐ) | ì | ˈi | ˈi | ˈi | |
ii | ῑ | iː | i(ː) | i | i | |
ii' | ί (ῑ) | íː | ˈi(ː) | ˈi | ˈi | |
ii` | ὶ (ῑ) | ìː | ˈi(ː) | ˈi | ˈi | |
ii^ | ῖ | ȋː invalid IPA characters (ȋ) | ˈi(ː) | ˈi | ˈi | |
k | κ | k | k | k | k | |
kj | κ | k | k | k | c | Before front vowels in Contemporary pronunciation. |
k$ | κ | ɡ | ɡ | ɡ | ɡ | When pronounced as voiced before voiced consonants. |
kj$ | κ | ɡ | ɡ | ɡ | ɟ | When pronounced as voiced before voiced consonants that have a Contemporary palatal pronunciation. |
kk | κκ | kk | kk | kk | k(ʰ) | |
kkj | κκ | kk | kk | kk | c(ʰ) | Before front vowels in Contemporary pronunciation. |
l | λ | l | l | l | l | |
ll | λλ | ll | ll | ll | (l)l | |
m | μ | m | m | m | m | |
(m) | μ | m | m | m | Before ζ σ ς and after a vowel that is already long. The μ is suppressed in Ancient pronunciation. | |
(mm) | μ | ː | m | m | m | Before ζ σ ς and after a short vowel. The μ is suppressed in Ancient pronunciation and the preceding vowel is lengthened. |
mb | μβ | mb | mb | ɱv | ɱv | |
mm | μμ | mm | mm | mm | (m)m | |
mp | μπ | mp | mp | mp | ̃b | |
mph | μφ | mpʰ | mpʰ | ɱf | ɱf | |
mps | μψ | mpʰs | mps | mps | ̃bz | |
n | ν | n | n | n | n | |
(n) | ν | n | n | n | Before ζ σ ς and after a vowel that is already long. The ν is suppressed in Ancient pronunciation. | |
(nn) | ν | ː | n | n | n | Before ζ σ ς and after a short vowel. The ν is suppressed in Ancient pronunciation and the preceding vowel is lengthened. |
nd | νδ | nd | nd | nð | nð | |
nth | νθ | ntʰ | ntʰ | nθ | nθ | |
nn | νν | nn | nn | nn | (n)n | |
nt | ντ | nt | nt | nt | ̃d | |
ntz | ντζ | zd | nʣ replace ʣ with d͡z, invalid IPA characters (ʣ) | nʣ replace ʣ with d͡z, invalid IPA characters (ʣ) | ̃ʣ replace ʣ with d͡z, invalid IPA characters (ʣ) | |
nntz | ντζ | ːzd | nʣ replace ʣ with d͡z, invalid IPA characters (ʣ) | nʣ replace ʣ with d͡z, invalid IPA characters (ʣ) | ̃ʣ replace ʣ with d͡z, invalid IPA characters (ʣ) | After a short vowel. |
nts | ντσ, ντς | s | nʦ replace ʦ with t͡s, invalid IPA characters (ʦ) | nʦ replace ʦ with t͡s, invalid IPA characters (ʦ) | ̃ʣ replace ʣ with d͡z, invalid IPA characters (ʣ) | |
nnts | ντσ, ντς | ːs | nʦ replace ʦ with t͡s, invalid IPA characters (ʦ) | nʦ replace ʦ with t͡s, invalid IPA characters (ʦ) | ̃ʣ replace ʣ with d͡z, invalid IPA characters (ʣ) | After a short vowel. |
ks | ξ | kʰs | ks | ks | ks | |
ks$ | ξ | ɡʱz | ɡz | ɡz | ɡz | Before voiced consonants. |
o | ο | o | o | o̞ | o̞ | |
o' | ό | ó | ˈo̞ | ˈo̞ | ˈo̞ | |
o` | ὸ | ò | ˈo̞ | ˈo̞ | ˈo̞ | |
oi | οι | oɪ | y(ː) | i(ʷ) | i | |
oi' | οί | óɪ | ˈy(ː) | ˈi(ʷ) | ˈi | |
oi` | οὶ | òɪ | ˈy(ː) | ˈi(ʷ) | ˈi | |
oi^ | οῖ | ȏɪ invalid IPA characters (ȏ) | ˈy(ː) | ˈi(ʷ) | ˈi | |
ou | ου | oː | u(ː) | u | u | |
ou' | ού | óː | ˈu(ː) | ˈu | ˈu | |
ou` | οὺ | òː | ˈu(ː) | ˈu | ˈu | |
ou^ | οῦ | ȏː invalid IPA characters (ȏ) | ˈu(ː) | ˈu | ˈu | |
p | π | p | p | p | p | |
pp | ππ | pp | pp | pp | p(ʰ) | |
rh | ῥ | r̥ | (h)r | r | r | |
r | ρ | r | r | r | r | |
rrh | ῤῥ, ρρ | r̥r̥ | rr | rr | (r)r | |
s | σ, ς | s | s | s | s | |
s$ | σ | z | z | z | z | Before voiced consonants. |
sz | σζ | zz | zz | zz | (z)z | |
ss | σσ | ss | ss | ss | (s)s | |
t | τ | t | t | t | t | |
tz | τζ | zd | ʣ replace ʣ with d͡z, invalid IPA characters (ʣ) | ʣ replace ʣ with d͡z, invalid IPA characters (ʣ) | ʣ replace ʣ with d͡z, invalid IPA characters (ʣ) | |
ts | τσ, τς | s | ʦ replace ʦ with t͡s, invalid IPA characters (ʦ) | ʦ replace ʦ with t͡s, invalid IPA characters (ʦ) | ʦ replace ʦ with t͡s, invalid IPA characters (ʦ) | |
tt | ττ | tt | tt | tt | t(ʰ) | |
u | ῠ | y | y | i(ʷ) | i | For short υ or υ of uncertain length (presumed to be short unless otherwise specified). |
u' | ύ (ῠ) | ý | ˈy | ˈi(ʷ) | ˈi | |
u` | ὺ (ῠ) | ỳ | ˈy | ˈi(ʷ) | ˈi | |
uu | ῡ | yː | y(ː) | i(ʷ) | i | |
uu' | ύ (ῡ) | ýː | ˈy(ː) | ˈi(ʷ) | ˈi | |
uu` | ὺ (ῡ) | ỳː | ˈy(ː) | ˈi(ʷ) | ˈi | |
uu^ | ῦ | y̑ː invalid IPA characters (̑) | ˈy(ː) | ˈi(ʷ) | ˈi | |
ui | υι | yːj | y(ː) | i(ʷ) | i | |
ui' | υί | ýːj | ˈy(ː) | ˈi(ʷ) | ˈi | |
ui` | υὶ | ỳːj | ˈy(ː) | ˈi(ʷ) | ˈi | |
ui^ | υῖ | y̑ːj invalid IPA characters (̑) | ˈy(ː) | ˈi(ʷ) | ˈi | |
ph | φ | pʰ | pʰ | f | f | |
phph | φφ | ppʰ | ppʰ | ff | (f)f | |
kh | χ | kʰ | kʰ | x | x | |
khj | χ | kʰ | kʰ | x | ç | Before front vowels in Contemporary pronunciation. |
khkh | χχ | kkʰ | kkʰ | xx | (x)x | |
khkhj | χχ | kkʰ | kkʰ | xx | (ç)ç | Before front vowels in Contemporary pronunciation. |
ps | ψ | pʰs | ps | ps | ps | |
ps$ | ψ | bʱz | bz | bz | bz | Before voiced consonants. |
oo | ω | ɔː | o̞(ː) | o̞ | o̞ | |
oo' | ώ | ɔ́ː | ˈo̞(ː) | ˈo̞ | ˈo̞ | |
oo` | ὼ | ɔ̀ː | ˈo̞(ː) | ˈo̞ | ˈo̞ | |
oo^ | ῶ | ɔ̑ː invalid IPA characters (̑) | ˈo̞(ː) | ˈo̞ | ˈo̞ | |
ooi | ῳ | ɔːj | o̞(ː) | o̞ | o̞ | |
ooi' | ῴ | ɔ́ːj | ˈo̞(ː) | ˈo̞ | ˈo̞ | |
ooi` | ῲ | ɔ̀ːj | ˈo̞(ː) | ˈo̞ | ˈo̞ | |
ooi^ | ῷ | ɔ̑ːj invalid IPA characters (̑) | ˈo̞(ː) | ˈo̞ | ˈo̞ |