User:Justinrleung/Dungan phonology
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Initials[edit]
| Dungan | Wikipedia | RK (1967) | Salmi (2007) | Lin (2007) Lin (2012) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| б | /p/ | /p/ | /p/ | /p/ |
| п | /pʰ/ | /pʰ/[1] | /pˣ/ | /pʰ/[1] |
| м | /m/ | /m/ | /m/ | /m/ |
| ф | /f/ | /f/ | /f/ | /f/ |
| в | /v/ | /w/ | /v/ | /v/ |
| д | /t/ | /t/ | /t/ | /t/ |
| т | /tʰ/ | /tʰ/[1] | /tˣ/ | /tʰ/[1] |
| н | /n/ | /n/ | /n/ | /n/ |
| л | /l/ | /l/ | /l/ | /l/ |
| з | /ts/ | /dz/ | /ts/ | /ts/ |
| ц | /tsʰ/ | /tsʰ/[1] | /tsˣ/ | /tsʰ/[1] |
| с | /s/ | /s/ | /s/ | /s/ |
| р | /ɻ/ | /r/ | /r/ | /r/ |
| җ | /tʂ/, /tɕ/ | /tʂ/ ([tʂ], [tç])[2] | /tʂ/, /tɕ/ | /tʂ/, /tɕ/ |
| ч | /tʂʰ/, /tɕʰ/ | /tʂʰ/ ([tʂʰ], [tçʰ])[1][2] | /tʂˣ/, /tɕˣ/ | /tʂʰ/, /tɕʰ/ |
| ш | /ʂ/ | /ʂ/[2] | /ʂ/ | /ʂ/ |
| щ | /ɕ/ | /ʂ/[2] ([ç]) | /ɕ/ | /ɕ/ |
| ж | /ʐ/ | /ʐ/[2] | /ʐ/ | /ʐ/ |
| й | /ʝ/ | /i̯/ | /ʝ/ | - |
| г | /k/ | /k/ | /k/ | /k/ |
| к | /kʰ/ | /kʰ/[1] | /kˣ/ | /kʰ/[1] |
| ң | /ŋ/ | /ŋ/ | /ŋ/ | /ŋ/ |
| х | /x/ | /x/ | /x/ | /x/ |
Finals[edit]
| Dungan | Wikipedia | RK (1967) | Salmi (2007) | Lin (2007) Lin (2012) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ы | /ɨː/ | /ɨ/ | /ɨ/[3] | /z̩/, /ʐ̩/[4] |
| и | /iː/ | /i/ | /i/ | /i/ |
| ў | /uː/ | /ŭ/[5] | /u/ | /u/ |
| ү | /yː/ | /y/ | /y/ | /y/ |
| а | /aː/ | /a/ | /a/ | /a/ |
| я | /ia/ (/jaː/) | /ia/ | /ia/ | /ia/ |
| уа | /ua/ | /ua/ | /ua/ | /ua/ |
| ә | /ɤː/ | /ə/[6] | /ɤ/ | /ə/ |
| е | /iə/ (/jəː/) | /ie/ | /iɛ/ | /iə/ |
| уә | /uɤ/ | /uə/ | /uɤ/ | /uə/ |
| үә | /yɤ/ | /yə/ | /yɤ/ | /yə/ |
| э | /ɛː/ | /ɛ/ | /ɛ/ | /ɛ/ |
| уэ | /uɛ/ | /uɛ/ | /uɛi/ | /uɛ/ |
| о | /ɔː/ | /o/ | /ɔ/ | /ɔ/ |
| ё | /iɔː/ (/jiɔː/) | /iɔ/ | /iou/ | /iɔ/ |
| уэй | /uɛi/ | -[7] | - | /uɛi/ |
| ый | /ɨi/ | /ɨi̯/ | /ɨi/ | /ei/ |
| уй | /uei/ | /ui̯/ | /ui/ | /uei/ |
| у | /ʊ/ | /u/ | /ʊ/[8] | /ou/ |
| ю | /iou/ (/jou/) | /iu/ | /iu/ | /iou/ |
| ан | /æ̃ ~ æn/ | /an/ | /æ̃ ~ æn/ | /æ̃/ |
| ян | /iæ̃ ~ iæn/ (/jæ̃ ~ jæn/) | /i̯an/ | /iæ̃ ~ iæn/ | /iæ̃/ |
| уан | /uæ̃ ~ uæn/ | /uan/ | /uæ̃ ~ uæn/ | /uæ̃/ |
| үан | /yæ̃ ~ yæn/ | /yan/ | /yæ̃ ~ yæn/ | /yæ̃/ |
| он | /ɔ̃ ~ ɔn/ | /oŋ/ | /ɔ̃ ~ ɔn/ | /ɑŋ/ |
| ён | /iɔ̃ ~ iɔn/ (/jɔ̃ ~ jɔn/) | /iɔŋ/ | /iɔ̃ ~ iɔn/ | /iɑŋ/ |
| уон | /uɔn/ | /uoŋ/ | /uɔ̃ ~ uɔn/ | /uɑŋ/ |
| ын | /ə̃ ~ ən/ | /ɨŋ/ | /ə̃ ~ ən/ | /əŋ/ |
| ин | /ĩ ~ in/ | /iŋ/ | /ĩ ~ in/ | /iŋ/ |
| ун | /un/ | /uŋ/ | /ũ ~ un/ | /uŋ/ |
| үн | /yŋ/ | /yŋ/ | /ỹ ~ yn/ | /yŋ/ |
| эр | /əɻ/ | /ɛr/[9] | /əɹ/[10] | /ɛr/[11] |
Erhua rules (Lin, 2012)[edit]
- If the 韻腹 or 韻尾 is /a/, /ɔ/, /ɛ/, /ə/, /u/, then just insert /ɻ/ at the end.
- If the coda is a nasal, the nasal is deleted. If the main vowel is open, then just insert /ɻ/ at the end; if the main vowel is high/close,[12] then insert /əɻ/ at the end.
- For /i/, /y/, insert /əɻ/ at the end.
- For /z̩/, /ʐ̩/, the vowel is replaced with /əɻ/.
Tones[edit]
| Tone | Wikipedia | RK (1967) | Salmi (2007) | Lin (2007) Lin (2012) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | 1/2 (/˨˦/) | I | 1/2 (/˩˧/, [˩˧˩]) | 平 (/˨˦/) |
| II | 3 (/˥˩/) | II | 3 (/˥˩/) | 上 (/˥˩/) |
| III | 4 (/˦˦/) | III | 4 (/˦˦˩/) | 去 (/˦˦/) |
Tone sandhi[edit]
Two-syllable sequences (Salmi, 2007)[13][edit]
| Tone of 1st syllable ＼ Tone of 2nd syllable | Ia (/˩˧/) | Ib (/˩˧/) | II (/˥˩/) | III (/˦˦˩/) | 0 (/꜊/) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ia (/˩˧/) | [˩˧ ˩˧] | [˩˩ ˩˧] | [˩˩ ˥˩] | [˩˩ ˦˦] | [˩˩ ˩˧] |
| Ib (/˩˧/) | [˩˧ ˩˧] | [˩˧ ˥˩] | [˩˧ ˦˦] | [˩˧ ˥˩] | |
| II (/˥˩/) | [˥˩ ˨˦] | [˥˩ ˥˩] | [˥˩ ˦˦] | [˥˩ ꜊] | |
| III (/˦˦˩/) | [˦˦ ˨˦] | [˦˦ ˥˩] | [˦˦ ˦˦] | [˦˦ ꜊] | |
Two-syllable sequences (Lin, 2012)[edit]
| Tone of 1st syllable ＼ Tone of 2nd syllable | I (/˨˦/) | II (/˥˩/) | III (/˦˦/) | 0 (/꜊/) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ia (/˨˦/) | [˩˨ ˨˦] | [˩˨ ˥˩] | [˩˨ ˦˦] | [˩˨ ˨˦] |
| Ib (/˨˦/) | [˨˦ ˨˦] | [˨˦ ˥˩] | [˨˦ ˦˦] | [˨˦ ˥˩] |
| II (/˥˩/) | [˥˩ ˨˦] | [˧˨ ˥˩] | [˥˩ ˦˦] | [˥˩ ꜊] |
| III (/˦˦/) | [˦˦ ˨˦] | [˦˦ ˥˩] | [˦˦ ˦˦] | [˦˦ ꜊] |
Reduplicated syllable + 子 (зы) (Lin, 2012)[edit]
| Tone of reduplicated syllable | Realized tone |
|---|---|
| Ia (/˨˦/) | [˩˨ ˨˦ ꜊] |
| Ib (/˨˦/) | [˨˦ ˥˩ ꜊] |
| II (/˥˩/) | [˥˩ ˩˨ ꜊] |
| III (/˦˦/) | [˦˦ ˩˨ ꜊] |
Notes[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 In the source, aspiration is represented with an apostrophe.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Written with a cedilla instead of a hook.
- ^ It is "retroflex or alveolar depending on the previous consonant. It is the vowel in Chinese si and shi."
- ^ Written as /ɿ/ and /ʅ/.
- ^ Lower-high back unrounded vowel.
- ^ /əi/ is also listed as a pronunciation.
- ^ Seems to be equivalent to ўй /ŭi̯/
- ^ Pronounced as /ou/ in Aleksandrovka in Chuy Valley.
- ^ /r/ is "the curious velar retroflex ṛ".
- ^ Pronounced as /ɯ/ in Aleksandrovka.
- ^ /r/ is not trilled.
- ^ A little ambiguous, but it seems like only /i/, /y/ apply.
- ^ Inferred from table 3 and the notes under.
References[edit]
- Lin, Tao (2007). Dongganyu Lungao (东干语论稿). Yinchuan: Ningxia People's Publishing House.
- Lin, Tao (2012). Dongganyu Diaocha Yanjiu (东干语调查研究). Beijing: China Social Sciences Press.
- [RK] Rimsky-Korsakoff, Svetlana (1967). Soviet Dungan: The Chinese Language of Central Asia – Alphabet, Phonology, Morphology. Monumenta Serica 26: 352-421.
- Salmi, Olli (2007). Central Asian Dungan as a Chinese Dialect.