User:Kolmiel/Consonant shift

The following table shows the regular outcomes of Proto-Germanic (or rather West Germanic) obstruents and semivowels, first bold in Modern Standard German, and then underneath in modern Ripuarian, which of all High German dialects is least effected by the consonant shift. An empty box means that the Ripuarian outcome is the same as the standard German above it.

Note that standard German shows a rather great deal of irregularities due to its being a literary compromise language influenced by different dialects. Ripuarian, in turn, shows some irregularities through standard German interference. Note also that the table aims only at outlining the general developments. Combinatory sound changes may be represented in a simplified way.

	Geminate	Word-initial	Post-nasal	Post-liquid	Post-vocalic
p	pf	pf	pf	f	f
p	p	p	p	p
t	ts	ts / t1	ts	ts	s
t
k	k	k	k	k	x
k
b~β	p	b	zero	b	b
b~β	b			v	v
d~ð	t	t	d	t	t
d~ð	d	d	zero	d / zero	d / ɡ
ɡ~ɣ	k	ɡ	zero	ɡ	ɡ
ɡ~ɣ	ɡ	j		j	j
f	f	f	f	f	f
f			v	v	v
θ	t	d	d	d	d
θ			zero	d / zero	d / ɡ
s	s	z / ʃ2	z	z	z
s				z / ʃ
x	x	h / zero2	zero / x3	zero / x3	zero / x / k3
x			zero	zero	zero / x
w	zero	v / zero2	zero	b	zero
w				zero
j	zero	j	zero	zero	zero
j

• 1 — Before r.
• 2 — Before any consonant.
• 3 — Zero before a vowel; varyingly /x/ or zero in the coda; /x/ before t; /k/ before s.