User:Silence~enwiktionary/PIE
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Roots and words are listed both in their later, more familiar forms, and in their earlier forms, when more laryngeals were present.
*a-[edit]
| Basic form | Early form | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| *-ā- | *-eH₂- | (suffix forming abstract or collective nouns) |
| *ab(e)l- | apple | |
| *ad- | *H₂ed- (possibly[1]) | to, by, at |
| *aǵ- (1) | *H₁aǵ- | to drive, draw, move |
| *aǵ- (2) | *H₂eǵ- | to speak |
| *ag-es- | fault, guilt | |
| *agʰ- | to be depressed, afraid | |
| *aǵʰ- | day (span of time) | |
| *aǵro- | *H₁aǵro- | field |
| *agw(e)sī- | axe | |
| *agʷʰ-no- | lamb | |
| *ai- (1) | to give, allot | |
| *ai- (2) | *H₂ei- | to burn |
| *aiǵ- | goat | |
| *aiḱ- (1) | *H₂eiḱ- | to be master of, possess |
| *aiḱ- (2) | spit | |
| *aim- | *H₂eim- | copy |
| *ais- | *H₂eis- | to wish, desire |
| *aiw- | *H₂eiw- | vital force, life, long life, eternity |
| *aḱ- | *H₂eḱ- | sharp |
| *aḱs- | axis | |
| *akʷ-ā- | water | |
| *al- (1) | *H₂el- (probably[2]) | beyond |
| *al- (2) | to wander | |
| *al- (3) | to grow, nourish | |
| *al- (4) | to grind, mill | |
| *al- (5) | all | |
| *albʰo- | white | |
| *alu- | sorcery; possession, intoxication | |
| *ambʰi | *H₂ent-bʰi | around |
| *ambʰō | both | |
| *āmer- | day | |
| *ams- | *H₂ems- | black; blackbird |
| *an- (1) | on | |
| *an- (2) | old woman, ancestor | |
| *an- (3) | *H₂en- | to pour, draw water |
| *andʰ- | bloom | |
| *andʰo- | blind, dark | |
| *anH₁- | *H₂enH₁- | to breathe |
| *anH₂t- | *H₂enH₂t- | duck |
| *anHtā- | doorjamb | |
| *anǵʰ- | tight, painful | |
| *ang- | *H₂eng- | to bend (see *ank-, below) |
| *angʷʰi- | snake, eel | |
| *ank- | *H₂enk- | to bend |
| *āno- | ring | |
| *ans- | loop, handle | |
| *ansu- | *H₂ensu- or *H₂onsu- | spirit |
| *ant- | *H₂ent- | front, forehead |
| *ap- (1) | *H₂ep- | to take, reach |
| *ap- (2) | *H₂ep- | water |
| *āpero- | shore | |
| *ap(o)- | off, away | |
| *apsā | aspen | |
| *ar- | *H₁ar- | to fit together |
| *arH₃- | *H₂erH₃- | to plow |
| *arǵ- | *H₂(e)rǵ- | to shine; white; silver |
| *ark- | *H₂erk- | to hold, contain, guard |
| *arku- | bow and/or arrow | |
| *as- | *H₂es- | to burn, glow |
| *at- | to go | |
| *at-al- | race, family | |
| *āter- | fire | |
| *atto- | father | |
| *au- (1) | (pronominal base appearing in particles and adverbs) | |
| *au- (2) | off, away | |
| *au- (3) | *H₂eu- | to weave |
| *au- (4) | *H₁au- | to perceive |
| *aug- (1) | *H₂eug- | to increase |
| *aug- (2) | to shine | |
| *aukʷ- | cooking pot | |
| *aulo- | hole, cavity | |
| *aus- (1) | *H₁aus or (less likely) *H₂eus-[2] | to shine |
| *aus- (2) | gold | |
| *aus- (3) | *H₂eus- | to draw water |
| *awi- | *H₂ewi- | bird |
| *awo- | grandfather, uncle | |
| *ayer- | day, morning | |
| *ayes- | metal, copper, bronze | |
| *ayu- | *H₂eyu- | life (see *aiw-, above) |
*b-[edit]
| Basic form | Early form | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| *badyo- | yellow, brown | |
| *bak- | walking stick, staff | |
| *band- | drop | |
| *bel- | strong | |
| *bend- | protruding point | |
| *beu- | to swell | |
| *bʰā- (1) | *bʰeH₂- | to shine |
| *bʰā- (2) | *bʰeH₂- | to speak |
| *bʰa-bʰā- | broad bean | |
| *bʰad- | good | |
| *bʰag- | to share out, apportion | |
| *bʰāǵʰu- | arm | |
| *bʰāgo- | beech tree | |
| *bʰardʰ-ā- | beard | |
| *bʰars- (1) | projection, bristle, point | |
| *bʰars- (2) | barley | |
| *bʰasko- | band, bundle | |
| *bʰau- | *bʰeH₂u- | to strike |
| *bʰē- | *bʰeH₁- | to warm |
| *bʰedʰ- | to dig | |
| *bʰeg- | to break | |
| *bʰegʷ- | to run | |
| *bʰei- | bee | |
| *bʰeid- | to split | |
| *bʰeidʰ- | to trust | |
| *bʰeiH₂- | to strike | |
| *bʰeigʷ- | to shine | |
| *bʰel- (1) | to shine, flash, burn | |
| *bʰel- (2) | to blow, swell | |
| *bʰel- (3) | to thrive, bloom | |
| *bʰel- (4) | to cry out, yell | |
| *bʰeld- | to knock, strike | |
| *bʰelg- | plank, beam | |
| *bʰelǵʰ- | to swell | |
| *bʰelk- | plank (see *bʰelg-, above) | |
| *bʰel-u- | to harm | |
| *bʰendʰ- | to bind | |
| *bʰenǵʰ- | thick, fat | |
| *bʰer- (1) | to carry, bear | |
| *bʰer- (2) | *bʰerH₁- | to cut, pierce, bore |
| *bʰer- (3) | bright, brown | |
| *bʰer- (4) | to cook, bake | |
| *bʰerdʰ- | to cut | |
| *bʰerHǵ- | to shine; bright, white | |
| *bʰerHḱ- | to shine, glitter | |
| *bʰerǵʰ- (1) | to hide, protect | |
| *bʰerǵʰ- (2) | high | |
| *bʰers- | quick | |
| *bʰes- (1) | to rub | |
| *bʰes- (2) | to breathe | |
| *bʰeu- | to swell (see *beu-, above) | |
| *bʰeudʰ- | to be aware, make aware | |
| *bʰeu(H)- | to be, exist, grow | |
| *bʰeug- (1) | to flee | |
| *bʰeug- (2) | to enjoy | |
| *bʰeug- (3) | to bend | |
| *bʰlād- | to worship | |
| *bʰlāg- | *bʰleH₂g- | to strike |
| *bʰlē- (1) | *bʰleH₁- | to howl |
| *bʰlē- (2) | *bʰleH₁- or possibly *bhlēH₂- | to howl |
| *bʰlei- | to blow, swell | |
| *bʰleu- | to swell, well up, overflow | |
| *bʰors- | point (see *bhars- (1), above) | |
| *bʰoso- | naked | |
| *bʰrag- | to smell | |
| *bʰraǵʰ-men- | form, ritual form | |
| *bʰrāter- | brother | |
| *bʰreg- | to break | |
| *bʰreiH- | to cut, break | |
| *bʰrekʷ- | to cram together | |
| *bʰrem- (1) | to growl | |
| *bʰrem- (2) | to project; point, spike; edge | |
| *bʰres- | to burst | |
| *bʰreu(H)- (1) | to cut, break up | |
| *bʰreu(H)- (2) | *bʰreuH₁- | to boil, bubble, burn |
| *bʰreus- | to swell | |
| *bʰrū- | *bʰruH- | eyebrow |
| *bʰrūg- | agricultural produce; to enjoy | |
| *b(ʰ)udʰ- | bottom, base | |
| *bʰuǵo- | male animal; stag, ram, he-goat |
*d-[edit]
| Basic form | Early form | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| *dā- | *deH₂- | to divide |
| *dail- | *da(H)i- | to divide |
| *daiwer- | husband's brother | |
| *daḱru- | tear | |
| *dānu- | river | |
| *dap- | to apportion (in exchange) | |
| *de- | (demonstrative stem, base of prepositions and adverbs) | |
| *dē- | *deH₁- | to bind |
| *deig- | *deiǵ- | to show (see *deik-, below) |
| *deiǵʰ- | insect | |
| *deiḱ- | to show, pronounce solemnly | |
| *deḱ- (1) | to take, accept | |
| *deḱ- (2) | fringe, tuft | |
| *deḱm̥ | ten | |
| *deḱs- | right; south | |
| *del- (1) | long | |
| *del- (2) | to recount, count | |
| *del(H)- | to split, carve, cut | |
| *dem- | house, household | |
| *demH₂- | to constrain, force, break in | |
| *denḱ- | to bite | |
| *dens- (1) | to use mental force | |
| *dens- (2) | dense, thick | |
| *dent- | *H₁d-ent- | tooth |
| *depʰ- | to stamp | |
| *der- (1) | to run, walk, step | |
| *der- (2) | to split, peel, flay | |
| *derbʰ- | to wind, compress | |
| *derH₂- | to work | |
| *dergʰ- | to grasp | |
| *derk- | *derk- | to see |
| *deru- | to be firm, solid, steadfast; wood | |
| *des- | enemy, foreigner, slave | |
| *deu- (1) | to lack, be wanting | |
| *deu- (2) | to do, perform, show favor, revere | |
| *deuH₂- | long (in duration) | |
| *deuk- | to lead | |
| *dʰabʰ- | to fit together | |
| *dʰal- | to bloom | |
| *dʰē- | *dʰeH₁- | to set, put |
| *dʰeb- | dense, firm, compressed | |
| *dʰegʷʰ- | to burn, warm | |
| *dʰē(i)- | *dʰeH₁(i)- | to suck |
| *dʰeiǵʰ- | to form, build | |
| *dʰel- | hollow | |
| *dʰelbʰ- | to dig, excavate | |
| *dʰembʰ- | to bury | |
| *dʰen- (1) | to run, flow | |
| *dʰen- (2) | palm of the hand | |
| *dʰer- (1) | to make muddy; darkness | |
| *dʰer- (2) | to hold firmly, support | |
| *dʰer- (3) | to drone, murmur, buzz | |
| *dʰers- | to venture, be bold | |
| *dʰēs- | *dʰeH₁s- | religious |
| *dʰeu- (1) | *dʰeuH- | to rise in a cloud |
| *dʰeu- (2) | to flow | |
| *dʰeu- (3) | *dʰeuH₂ | to die |
| *dʰeub(ʰ)- | deep hollow | |
| *dʰeubʰ- | wedge, peg, plug | |
| *dʰeuH₂- | to close, finish, come full circle | |
| *dʰeugʰ- | to produce something useful | |
| *dʰǵʰem- | earth | |
| *dʰǵʰū- | fish | |
| *dʰǵʰ(y)es- | yesterday | |
| *dʰgʷʰei- | to perish, die away | |
| *dʰgʷʰer- | to flow, move forcefully | |
| *dʰīgʷ- | to stick, fix | |
| *-dʰlo- | (see *-tro-, below) | |
| *dʰragʰ- | to draw, drag on the ground | |
| *dʰreǵ- | to draw, glide | |
| *dʰregʰ- | to run | |
| *dʰeibʰ- | to drive, push; snow | |
| *dʰreu- | to fall, flow, drip, droop | |
| *dʰreugʰ- | to deceive | |
| *-dʰro- | (see *-tro-, below) | |
| *dʰugH₂ter- | daughter | |
| *dʰwenH₂- | to disappear, die | |
| *dʰwer- | *dʰwor, *dʰur- | door, doorway |
| *digʰ- | goat | |
| *dlegʰ- | to engage oneself | |
| *dl̥k-u- | sweet | |
| *dn̥ǵʰū- | tongue | |
| *dō- | *deH₃- | to give |
| *drem- | to sleep | |
| *dreu- | to be firm (see *deru-, above) | |
| *dus- | bad, evil; mis- | |
| dwei- | to be in doubt, unsure; (later) to fear | |
| *dwo- | two | |
| *dyeu- | to shine; sky, heaven, god |
*e-[edit]
| Basic form | Early form | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| *ē | (adverbial particle) | |
| *-ē- | *-eH₁-* | (verbal suffix forming stative denominative verbs from adjectives) |
| *ed- | *H₁ed- | to bite; (later) to eat |
| *eg- | to lack | |
| *eǵ- | I | |
| *eǵʰero- | lake | |
| *eǵʰs | out | |
| *egni- | fire | |
| *egʷʰ- | to drink | |
| *ei- (1) | *H₁ei- | to go |
| *ei- (2) | reddish, motley; yellow | |
| *eis- (1) | passion | |
| *eis- (2) | ice, frost | |
| *eḱwo- | horse | |
| *el- (1) | elbow, forearm | |
| *el- (2) | red, brown | |
| *elH₂- | to go | |
| *elḱ-es- | wound | |
| *em- | to take, distribute | |
| *en | in | |
| *-en- | (suffix forming nouns and adjectives) | |
| *en-es- | burden | |
| *engʷ- | groin, internal organ | |
| *-eno- | (see *-no-) | |
| *-ent- | (see *-nt-) | |
| *epi | near, at, against | |
| *er- (1) | *H₁er- | to move, set in motion |
| *er- (2) | earth, ground | |
| *erH₁- (1) | *H₁erH₁- | to row |
| *erH₁- (2) | *H₁reH₁- | to separate |
| *erH₂- | *H₁erH₂- | to separate, adjoin |
| *erH₃dʰ- | *H₁(e)rH₃dʰ- (possibly, but details obscure[2]) | high |
| *erǵʰ- | *H₁erǵʰ- | to mount |
| *erkʷ- | to radiate, beam, praise | |
| *ers- (1) | to be in motion | |
| *ers- (2) | to be wet | |
| *es- | *H₁es- | to be |
| *ēs- | *H₁ēs- | to sit |
| *-es- | (suffix forming abstract nouns from verbs) | |
| *es-en- | harvest, fall | |
| *esōr- | woman | |
| *(e)su- | *H₁(e)su- | good |
| *eti | above, beyond | |
| *ētī- | eider duck | |
| *ētmen- | *eH₁tmen- | breath |
| *-eto- | (see *-to-) | |
| *eu- | to dress | |
| *euH₂- | *H₁euH₂- | to leave, abandon, give out |
| *euH-dh-r̥ | udder | |
| *euk- | to become accustomed | |
| *eus- | to burn | |
| *-eyo- | (verbal suffix forming causatives and iteratives from verbal roots) |
*g-[edit]
| Basic form | Early form | Meanin |
|---|---|---|
| *gal- (1) | bald, naked | |
| *gal- (2) | to call, shout | |
| *gal- (3) | to be able, have power | |
| *gar- | to call, cry | |
| *gāu- | *geH₂u- | to rejoice; to have religious fear or awe |
| *ǵebʰ- | jaw, mouth (see *ǵep(ʰ)-) | |
| *gēi- | *geH₁i- | to sing |
| *ǵeiH- | to sprout, split, open | |
| *gel- (1) | bright | |
| *gel- (2) | cold; to freeze | |
| *ǵembʰ- | tooth, nail | |
| *ǵemH₁- | to marry | |
| *ǵen(H₁)- | to give birth, beget | |
| *ǵenu- (1) | knee; angle | |
| *ǵenu- (2) | jawbone, chin | |
| *ǵep(ʰ)- | jaw, mouth | |
| *ger- | *H₂ger- | to gather |
| *gerbʰ- | to scratch | |
| *gerH₂- | to cry hoarsely; crane | |
| *ǵerH₂- | to grow old | |
| *ǵeuH- | to hasten | |
| *g(e)u-lo- | glowing coal | |
| *ǵeus- | to taste, choose | |
| *gʰabʰ- | to give, receive | |
| *gʰabʰolo- | to give, receive | |
| *gʰāi- | *gʰeH₂i- | to yawn, gape |
| *gʰ(a)id-o- | goat | |
| *gʰais- | to adhere, hesitate | |
| *gʰaiso- | stick, spear | |
| *ǵʰalgʰ- | branch, rod | |
| *ǵʰans- | goose | |
| *ǵʰazdʰ-o- | rod, staff | |
| *ǵʰē- | *ǵʰeH₁- | to release, let go |
| *gʰebʰ- | to give, receive (see *gʰabʰ-) | |
| *gʰebʰ-el- | head | |
| *gʰedʰ- | to unite, join, fit | |
| *ǵʰei- (1) | to propel, prick | |
| *ǵʰei- (2) | winter | |
| *gʰeis- | fear, amazement | |
| *gʰel- | to call | |
| *ǵʰel- (1) | to shine | |
| *ǵʰel- (2) | to cut | |
| *gʰeidʰ- | to pay | |
| *gʰeleǵʰ- | metal | |
| *gʰelH₂d- | hail | |
| *gʰelū- | tortoise | |
| *gʰel-unā- | jaw | |
| *gʰe(n)d- | to seize, take | |
| *ǵʰengʰ- | to go, walk | |
| *gʰer- (1) | to call out | |
| *gʰer- (2) | to scape, scratch | |
| *ǵʰer- (1) | to grasp, enclose | |
| *ǵʰer- (2) | to like, want | |
| *ǵʰerH₂- | gut, entrail | |
| *ǵʰers- | to bristle | |
| *ǵʰes- | hand | |
| *ǵʰeslo- | thousand | |
| *ǵʰeu- | to pour (a libation) | |
| *ǵʰēu- | to yawn, gape | |
| *ǵʰeu(H)- | to call, invoke | |
| *gʰo- | (base of demonstrative pronouns and deictic pronouns) | |
| *ǵʰō- | behind, after | |
| *gʰos-ti- | stranger, guest, host | |
| *gʰow-ē- | to honor, revere, worship | |
| *gʰrē- | *gʰreH₁- | to grow, become green |
| *gʰrebʰ- (1) | to seize, reach | |
| *gʰrebʰ- (2) | to dig, bury, scratch | |
| *gʰredʰ- | to walk, go | |
| *ǵʰrēi- | *ǵʰreH₁i- | to rub |
| *gʰreib- | to grip | |
| *gʰrem- | angry | |
| *gʰrendʰ- | to grind | |
| *gʰrēu- | *gʰreH₁u- | to rub, grind |
| *ǵʰwer- | wild beast | |
| *gʰwībʰ- | shame; pudenda | |
| *gladʰ- | smooth | |
| *glei- | clay | |
| *gleubʰ- | to tear apart, cleave | |
| *glōgʰ- | *gleH₃gʰ- | thorn, point |
| *ǵnō- | *ǵneH₃- | to know |
| *gras- | to devour | |
| *greut- | to compress, push | |
| *ǵr̥H-no- | grain | |
| *gru- | to grunt | |
| *gʷā- | *gʷeH₂- | to go, come |
| *gʷābʰ- | *gʷeH₂bʰ- | to dip, sink |
| *gʷādʰ- | *gʷeH₂dʰ- | to sink |
| *gʷeiH- | to press down, conquer | |
| *gʷei(H₃)- | *gʷeiH₃- | to live |
*k-[edit]
*l-[edit]
*m-[edit]
*n-[edit]
*o-[edit]
*p-[edit]
*r-[edit]
*s-[edit]
*t-[edit]
*u-[edit]
*w-[edit]
*y-[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Watkins, Calvert (1985) The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt