User:Silence~enwiktionary/PIE
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Roots and words are listed both in their later, more familiar forms, and in their earlier forms, when more laryngeals were present.
*a-
[edit]Basic form | Early form | Meaning |
---|---|---|
*-ā- | *-eH₂- | (suffix forming abstract or collective nouns) |
*ab(e)l- | apple | |
*ad- | *H₂ed- (possibly[1]) | to, by, at |
*aǵ- (1) | *H₁aǵ- | to drive, draw, move |
*aǵ- (2) | *H₂eǵ- | to speak |
*ag-es- | fault, guilt | |
*agʰ- | to be depressed, afraid | |
*aǵʰ- | day (span of time) | |
*aǵro- | *H₁aǵro- | field |
*agw(e)sī- | axe | |
*agʷʰ-no- | lamb | |
*ai- (1) | to give, allot | |
*ai- (2) | *H₂ei- | to burn |
*aiǵ- | goat | |
*aiḱ- (1) | *H₂eiḱ- | to be master of, possess |
*aiḱ- (2) | spit | |
*aim- | *H₂eim- | copy |
*ais- | *H₂eis- | to wish, desire |
*aiw- | *H₂eiw- | vital force, life, long life, eternity |
*aḱ- | *H₂eḱ- | sharp |
*aḱs- | axis | |
*akʷ-ā- | water | |
*al- (1) | *H₂el- (probably[2]) | beyond |
*al- (2) | to wander | |
*al- (3) | to grow, nourish | |
*al- (4) | to grind, mill | |
*al- (5) | all | |
*albʰo- | white | |
*alu- | sorcery; possession, intoxication | |
*ambʰi | *H₂ent-bʰi | around |
*ambʰō | both | |
*āmer- | day | |
*ams- | *H₂ems- | black; blackbird |
*an- (1) | on | |
*an- (2) | old woman, ancestor | |
*an- (3) | *H₂en- | to pour, draw water |
*andʰ- | bloom | |
*andʰo- | blind, dark | |
*anH₁- | *H₂enH₁- | to breathe |
*anH₂t- | *H₂enH₂t- | duck |
*anHtā- | doorjamb | |
*anǵʰ- | tight, painful | |
*ang- | *H₂eng- | to bend (see *ank-, below) |
*angʷʰi- | snake, eel | |
*ank- | *H₂enk- | to bend |
*āno- | ring | |
*ans- | loop, handle | |
*ansu- | *H₂ensu- or *H₂onsu- | spirit |
*ant- | *H₂ent- | front, forehead |
*ap- (1) | *H₂ep- | to take, reach |
*ap- (2) | *H₂ep- | water |
*āpero- | shore | |
*ap(o)- | off, away | |
*apsā | aspen | |
*ar- | *H₁ar- | to fit together |
*arH₃- | *H₂erH₃- | to plow |
*arǵ- | *H₂(e)rǵ- | to shine; white; silver |
*ark- | *H₂erk- | to hold, contain, guard |
*arku- | bow and/or arrow | |
*as- | *H₂es- | to burn, glow |
*at- | to go | |
*at-al- | race, family | |
*āter- | fire | |
*atto- | father | |
*au- (1) | (pronominal base appearing in particles and adverbs) | |
*au- (2) | off, away | |
*au- (3) | *H₂eu- | to weave |
*au- (4) | *H₁au- | to perceive |
*aug- (1) | *H₂eug- | to increase |
*aug- (2) | to shine | |
*aukʷ- | cooking pot | |
*aulo- | hole, cavity | |
*aus- (1) | *H₁aus or (less likely) *H₂eus-[2] | to shine |
*aus- (2) | gold | |
*aus- (3) | *H₂eus- | to draw water |
*awi- | *H₂ewi- | bird |
*awo- | grandfather, uncle | |
*ayer- | day, morning | |
*ayes- | metal, copper, bronze | |
*ayu- | *H₂eyu- | life (see *aiw-, above) |
*b-
[edit]Basic form | Early form | Meaning |
---|---|---|
*badyo- | yellow, brown | |
*bak- | walking stick, staff | |
*band- | drop | |
*bel- | strong | |
*bend- | protruding point | |
*beu- | to swell | |
*bʰā- (1) | *bʰeH₂- | to shine |
*bʰā- (2) | *bʰeH₂- | to speak |
*bʰa-bʰā- | broad bean | |
*bʰad- | good | |
*bʰag- | to share out, apportion | |
*bʰāǵʰu- | arm | |
*bʰāgo- | beech tree | |
*bʰardʰ-ā- | beard | |
*bʰars- (1) | projection, bristle, point | |
*bʰars- (2) | barley | |
*bʰasko- | band, bundle | |
*bʰau- | *bʰeH₂u- | to strike |
*bʰē- | *bʰeH₁- | to warm |
*bʰedʰ- | to dig | |
*bʰeg- | to break | |
*bʰegʷ- | to run | |
*bʰei- | bee | |
*bʰeid- | to split | |
*bʰeidʰ- | to trust | |
*bʰeiH₂- | to strike | |
*bʰeigʷ- | to shine | |
*bʰel- (1) | to shine, flash, burn | |
*bʰel- (2) | to blow, swell | |
*bʰel- (3) | to thrive, bloom | |
*bʰel- (4) | to cry out, yell | |
*bʰeld- | to knock, strike | |
*bʰelg- | plank, beam | |
*bʰelǵʰ- | to swell | |
*bʰelk- | plank (see *bʰelg-, above) | |
*bʰel-u- | to harm | |
*bʰendʰ- | to bind | |
*bʰenǵʰ- | thick, fat | |
*bʰer- (1) | to carry, bear | |
*bʰer- (2) | *bʰerH₁- | to cut, pierce, bore |
*bʰer- (3) | bright, brown | |
*bʰer- (4) | to cook, bake | |
*bʰerdʰ- | to cut | |
*bʰerHǵ- | to shine; bright, white | |
*bʰerHḱ- | to shine, glitter | |
*bʰerǵʰ- (1) | to hide, protect | |
*bʰerǵʰ- (2) | high | |
*bʰers- | quick | |
*bʰes- (1) | to rub | |
*bʰes- (2) | to breathe | |
*bʰeu- | to swell (see *beu-, above) | |
*bʰeudʰ- | to be aware, make aware | |
*bʰeu(H)- | to be, exist, grow | |
*bʰeug- (1) | to flee | |
*bʰeug- (2) | to enjoy | |
*bʰeug- (3) | to bend | |
*bʰlād- | to worship | |
*bʰlāg- | *bʰleH₂g- | to strike |
*bʰlē- (1) | *bʰleH₁- | to howl |
*bʰlē- (2) | *bʰleH₁- or possibly *bhlēH₂- | to howl |
*bʰlei- | to blow, swell | |
*bʰleu- | to swell, well up, overflow | |
*bʰors- | point (see *bhars- (1), above) | |
*bʰoso- | naked | |
*bʰrag- | to smell | |
*bʰraǵʰ-men- | form, ritual form | |
*bʰrāter- | brother | |
*bʰreg- | to break | |
*bʰreiH- | to cut, break | |
*bʰrekʷ- | to cram together | |
*bʰrem- (1) | to growl | |
*bʰrem- (2) | to project; point, spike; edge | |
*bʰres- | to burst | |
*bʰreu(H)- (1) | to cut, break up | |
*bʰreu(H)- (2) | *bʰreuH₁- | to boil, bubble, burn |
*bʰreus- | to swell | |
*bʰrū- | *bʰruH- | eyebrow |
*bʰrūg- | agricultural produce; to enjoy | |
*b(ʰ)udʰ- | bottom, base | |
*bʰuǵo- | male animal; stag, ram, he-goat |
*d-
[edit]Basic form | Early form | Meaning |
---|---|---|
*dā- | *deH₂- | to divide |
*dail- | *da(H)i- | to divide |
*daiwer- | husband's brother | |
*daḱru- | tear | |
*dānu- | river | |
*dap- | to apportion (in exchange) | |
*de- | (demonstrative stem, base of prepositions and adverbs) | |
*dē- | *deH₁- | to bind |
*deig- | *deiǵ- | to show (see *deik-, below) |
*deiǵʰ- | insect | |
*deiḱ- | to show, pronounce solemnly | |
*deḱ- (1) | to take, accept | |
*deḱ- (2) | fringe, tuft | |
*deḱm̥ | ten | |
*deḱs- | right; south | |
*del- (1) | long | |
*del- (2) | to recount, count | |
*del(H)- | to split, carve, cut | |
*dem- | house, household | |
*demH₂- | to constrain, force, break in | |
*denḱ- | to bite | |
*dens- (1) | to use mental force | |
*dens- (2) | dense, thick | |
*dent- | *H₁d-ent- | tooth |
*depʰ- | to stamp | |
*der- (1) | to run, walk, step | |
*der- (2) | to split, peel, flay | |
*derbʰ- | to wind, compress | |
*derH₂- | to work | |
*dergʰ- | to grasp | |
*derk- | *derk- | to see |
*deru- | to be firm, solid, steadfast; wood | |
*des- | enemy, foreigner, slave | |
*deu- (1) | to lack, be wanting | |
*deu- (2) | to do, perform, show favor, revere | |
*deuH₂- | long (in duration) | |
*deuk- | to lead | |
*dʰabʰ- | to fit together | |
*dʰal- | to bloom | |
*dʰē- | *dʰeH₁- | to set, put |
*dʰeb- | dense, firm, compressed | |
*dʰegʷʰ- | to burn, warm | |
*dʰē(i)- | *dʰeH₁(i)- | to suck |
*dʰeiǵʰ- | to form, build | |
*dʰel- | hollow | |
*dʰelbʰ- | to dig, excavate | |
*dʰembʰ- | to bury | |
*dʰen- (1) | to run, flow | |
*dʰen- (2) | palm of the hand | |
*dʰer- (1) | to make muddy; darkness | |
*dʰer- (2) | to hold firmly, support | |
*dʰer- (3) | to drone, murmur, buzz | |
*dʰers- | to venture, be bold | |
*dʰēs- | *dʰeH₁s- | religious |
*dʰeu- (1) | *dʰeuH- | to rise in a cloud |
*dʰeu- (2) | to flow | |
*dʰeu- (3) | *dʰeuH₂ | to die |
*dʰeub(ʰ)- | deep hollow | |
*dʰeubʰ- | wedge, peg, plug | |
*dʰeuH₂- | to close, finish, come full circle | |
*dʰeugʰ- | to produce something useful | |
*dʰǵʰem- | earth | |
*dʰǵʰū- | fish | |
*dʰǵʰ(y)es- | yesterday | |
*dʰgʷʰei- | to perish, die away | |
*dʰgʷʰer- | to flow, move forcefully | |
*dʰīgʷ- | to stick, fix | |
*-dʰlo- | (see *-tro-, below) | |
*dʰragʰ- | to draw, drag on the ground | |
*dʰreǵ- | to draw, glide | |
*dʰregʰ- | to run | |
*dʰeibʰ- | to drive, push; snow | |
*dʰreu- | to fall, flow, drip, droop | |
*dʰreugʰ- | to deceive | |
*-dʰro- | (see *-tro-, below) | |
*dʰugH₂ter- | daughter | |
*dʰwenH₂- | to disappear, die | |
*dʰwer- | *dʰwor, *dʰur- | door, doorway |
*digʰ- | goat | |
*dlegʰ- | to engage oneself | |
*dl̥k-u- | sweet | |
*dn̥ǵʰū- | tongue | |
*dō- | *deH₃- | to give |
*drem- | to sleep | |
*dreu- | to be firm (see *deru-, above) | |
*dus- | bad, evil; mis- | |
dwei- | to be in doubt, unsure; (later) to fear | |
*dwo- | two | |
*dyeu- | to shine; sky, heaven, god |
*e-
[edit]Basic form | Early form | Meaning |
---|---|---|
*ē | (adverbial particle) | |
*-ē- | *-eH₁-* | (verbal suffix forming stative denominative verbs from adjectives) |
*ed- | *H₁ed- | to bite; (later) to eat |
*eg- | to lack | |
*eǵ- | I | |
*eǵʰero- | lake | |
*eǵʰs | out | |
*egni- | fire | |
*egʷʰ- | to drink | |
*ei- (1) | *H₁ei- | to go |
*ei- (2) | reddish, motley; yellow | |
*eis- (1) | passion | |
*eis- (2) | ice, frost | |
*eḱwo- | horse | |
*el- (1) | elbow, forearm | |
*el- (2) | red, brown | |
*elH₂- | to go | |
*elḱ-es- | wound | |
*em- | to take, distribute | |
*en | in | |
*-en- | (suffix forming nouns and adjectives) | |
*en-es- | burden | |
*engʷ- | groin, internal organ | |
*-eno- | (see *-no-) | |
*-ent- | (see *-nt-) | |
*epi | near, at, against | |
*er- (1) | *H₁er- | to move, set in motion |
*er- (2) | earth, ground | |
*erH₁- (1) | *H₁erH₁- | to row |
*erH₁- (2) | *H₁reH₁- | to separate |
*erH₂- | *H₁erH₂- | to separate, adjoin |
*erH₃dʰ- | *H₁(e)rH₃dʰ- (possibly, but details obscure[2]) | high |
*erǵʰ- | *H₁erǵʰ- | to mount |
*erkʷ- | to radiate, beam, praise | |
*ers- (1) | to be in motion | |
*ers- (2) | to be wet | |
*es- | *H₁es- | to be |
*ēs- | *H₁ēs- | to sit |
*-es- | (suffix forming abstract nouns from verbs) | |
*es-en- | harvest, fall | |
*esōr- | woman | |
*(e)su- | *H₁(e)su- | good |
*eti | above, beyond | |
*ētī- | eider duck | |
*ētmen- | *eH₁tmen- | breath |
*-eto- | (see *-to-) | |
*eu- | to dress | |
*euH₂- | *H₁euH₂- | to leave, abandon, give out |
*euH-dh-r̥ | udder | |
*euk- | to become accustomed | |
*eus- | to burn | |
*-eyo- | (verbal suffix forming causatives and iteratives from verbal roots) |
*g-
[edit]Basic form | Early form | Meanin |
---|---|---|
*gal- (1) | bald, naked | |
*gal- (2) | to call, shout | |
*gal- (3) | to be able, have power | |
*gar- | to call, cry | |
*gāu- | *geH₂u- | to rejoice; to have religious fear or awe |
*ǵebʰ- | jaw, mouth (see *ǵep(ʰ)-) | |
*gēi- | *geH₁i- | to sing |
*ǵeiH- | to sprout, split, open | |
*gel- (1) | bright | |
*gel- (2) | cold; to freeze | |
*ǵembʰ- | tooth, nail | |
*ǵemH₁- | to marry | |
*ǵen(H₁)- | to give birth, beget | |
*ǵenu- (1) | knee; angle | |
*ǵenu- (2) | jawbone, chin | |
*ǵep(ʰ)- | jaw, mouth | |
*ger- | *H₂ger- | to gather |
*gerbʰ- | to scratch | |
*gerH₂- | to cry hoarsely; crane | |
*ǵerH₂- | to grow old | |
*ǵeuH- | to hasten | |
*g(e)u-lo- | glowing coal | |
*ǵeus- | to taste, choose | |
*gʰabʰ- | to give, receive | |
*gʰabʰolo- | to give, receive | |
*gʰāi- | *gʰeH₂i- | to yawn, gape |
*gʰ(a)id-o- | goat | |
*gʰais- | to adhere, hesitate | |
*gʰaiso- | stick, spear | |
*ǵʰalgʰ- | branch, rod | |
*ǵʰans- | goose | |
*ǵʰazdʰ-o- | rod, staff | |
*ǵʰē- | *ǵʰeH₁- | to release, let go |
*gʰebʰ- | to give, receive (see *gʰabʰ-) | |
*gʰebʰ-el- | head | |
*gʰedʰ- | to unite, join, fit | |
*ǵʰei- (1) | to propel, prick | |
*ǵʰei- (2) | winter | |
*gʰeis- | fear, amazement | |
*gʰel- | to call | |
*ǵʰel- (1) | to shine | |
*ǵʰel- (2) | to cut | |
*gʰeidʰ- | to pay | |
*gʰeleǵʰ- | metal | |
*gʰelH₂d- | hail | |
*gʰelū- | tortoise | |
*gʰel-unā- | jaw | |
*gʰe(n)d- | to seize, take | |
*ǵʰengʰ- | to go, walk | |
*gʰer- (1) | to call out | |
*gʰer- (2) | to scape, scratch | |
*ǵʰer- (1) | to grasp, enclose | |
*ǵʰer- (2) | to like, want | |
*ǵʰerH₂- | gut, entrail | |
*ǵʰers- | to bristle | |
*ǵʰes- | hand | |
*ǵʰeslo- | thousand | |
*ǵʰeu- | to pour (a libation) | |
*ǵʰēu- | to yawn, gape | |
*ǵʰeu(H)- | to call, invoke | |
*gʰo- | (base of demonstrative pronouns and deictic pronouns) | |
*ǵʰō- | behind, after | |
*gʰos-ti- | stranger, guest, host | |
*gʰow-ē- | to honor, revere, worship | |
*gʰrē- | *gʰreH₁- | to grow, become green |
*gʰrebʰ- (1) | to seize, reach | |
*gʰrebʰ- (2) | to dig, bury, scratch | |
*gʰredʰ- | to walk, go | |
*ǵʰrēi- | *ǵʰreH₁i- | to rub |
*gʰreib- | to grip | |
*gʰrem- | angry | |
*gʰrendʰ- | to grind | |
*gʰrēu- | *gʰreH₁u- | to rub, grind |
*ǵʰwer- | wild beast | |
*gʰwībʰ- | shame; pudenda | |
*gladʰ- | smooth | |
*glei- | clay | |
*gleubʰ- | to tear apart, cleave | |
*glōgʰ- | *gleH₃gʰ- | thorn, point |
*ǵnō- | *ǵneH₃- | to know |
*gras- | to devour | |
*greut- | to compress, push | |
*ǵr̥H-no- | grain | |
*gru- | to grunt | |
*gʷā- | *gʷeH₂- | to go, come |
*gʷābʰ- | *gʷeH₂bʰ- | to dip, sink |
*gʷādʰ- | *gʷeH₂dʰ- | to sink |
*gʷeiH- | to press down, conquer | |
*gʷei(H₃)- | *gʷeiH₃- | to live |
*k-
[edit]*l-
[edit]*m-
[edit]*n-
[edit]*o-
[edit]*p-
[edit]*r-
[edit]*s-
[edit]*t-
[edit]*u-
[edit]*w-
[edit]*y-
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Watkins, Calvert (1985) The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt