User:Victar/Arawakan languages

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  • 🌳Central Arawak: awd-cen (Paresi-Xingu[1]; Proto-Paresi-Xingu[2]; Xingu-Tapajós[3]; Central Brazil[4])
    • Proto-Paresi-Saraveka: awd-prs-pro (Paresi-Saraveka-Saluma: pare1273[5]; Pareci-Saraveca[1]; Juruena[6]; Guaporé-Tapajós[7])[4]
      • Pareci: pab (Parecís, Paretí, Haliti)
      • Saraveca: sar (Sarave; Saravéka)
    • Proto-Xingu-Arawak: awd-xng-pro (Proto-Xingu: PX[8]; Xinguan Arawak: xing1249[5]; Xingu[1][7])[4]
      • Agavotaguerra: (Agavotokueng, Agavotoqueng)
      • Proto-Waura-Mehinaku-Kustenau: awd-wmk-pro (Waura-Mehinaku-Kustenau: waur1246[5])
        • Kustenau: awd-kus (Custenau; Kustenaú)
        • Proto-Waura-Mehinaku: awd-wrm-pro (Waura-Mehinaku: waur1245[5]; Waura-Mehinakuo[7])[4]
          • Mehináku: mmh (Mahinacu; Mehinaco, Mahinaku, Minaco)
          • Wauja: wau (Uara, Aura)
      • Yawalapiti/Yawalapití: yaw (Jaulapiti, Yaulapiti)
  • 🌳 Eastern Arawak: awd-eas
    • Palikur: plu
    • Marawan: awd-mar
  • 🌳 Northern Arawak: awd-nor
    • Proto-Orinoco-Arawak: awd-ori-pro (Alto Orinoco[3]: alto1249[5]; Orinoco[7]; Baniva-Yavitero[9][10])[4]
      • Maipure/Maypure: awd-mpr
      • Proto-Yavitero-Baniva: awd-yvb-pro (Yavitero-Baniva[7]; Pareni: pare1275[5])[4]
        • Baniva: bvv (Baniva de Maroa)
          Baniwa of Guainia: (Baniva de Guainia)
          Warekena of Xié: (Warekéna do Xiê)
        • Yavitero: yvt (Parene)
    • Proto-Caribbean-Arawak: awd-crb-pro (Caribbean Northern Arawak: proto-CNA[11]; Caribbean Arawakan: cari1281[5]; Proto-Caribbean[12]; Circum-Caribbean[4][9]; Caribbean/Extreme North[13])
      • Proto-Garifuna-Taíno: awd-gft-pro (Proto-Garifuna-Taino[11]; Proto-Iñeri-Taino[7])[4]
        • Proto-Garifuna-Island Carib: awd-gfi-pro (Island Carib-Garifuna[11]: isla1279[5], Garifuna-Island Carib[11])[14][4][13]
          • Garifuna: cab (Garífuna, Garfuna, Black Carib, Cariff, Caribe, Karif)
            Eastern Garifuna cab-eas
            Western Garifuna cab-wes
          • Kalinago: crb (Eyeri-Kaliphuna; Iñeri-Kalhiphona)
            Kalhiphona: crb-kal (Kalhíphona; Kalíphuna; Karifuna; Kariphuna; Kalinago; Calino; Calinya; Callinago; Calinyaku)
            Iñeri: crb-ine (Igneri, Igñeri, Inyeri, Eyeri)
        • Taíno: tnq ℹ️ Conventionally grouped under Ta-Arawak.[15]
      • Proto-Proto-Ta-Arawak: awd-taa-pro
        • Proto-Lokono-Añun-Wayuu: awd-law-pro (Proto-Lokono-Wayuunaiki: PLW[16]; Proto-Lokono-Guajiro[17]; Proto-Lokono-Añun-Wayúu[11])[14][4]
          • Proto-Añun-Wayuu: awd-anw-pro (Proto-Wayuu-Añú[18]: PWYA[7]; Guajiro-Paraujano: guaj1257[5]; Guajiro[19]; Proto-Guajiro-Paraujano[20]; proto-Añun-Wayúu[21])[14][4]
            • Añun/Paraujano: pbg (Añún)
            • Wayuu: guc (Guajiro, Goahiro, Goajiro, Guajira, Wayuunaiki)
              Alile: guc-ali
              Toa: guc-toa
          • Lokono/Lokono: arw (Locono, Aruak, Arowak)
        • Shebayo: awd-she (Xebayo)
    • Proto-Newiki/Proto-Proto-Nawiki:[22] awd-nwk-pro
      • Proto-Eastern Newiki[22]
      • Proto-Western Newiki[22]
    • Proto-Wapixana-Baré: awd-wpb-pro (Central Amazon[4]; Negro-Roraima[3])
      • Proto-Baré-Guinau: awd-brg-pro (Bare-Guinau[1]; Alto Negro: alto1250[5])[4]
        • Baré: bae
        • Guinau: awd-gnu
      • Proto-Wapixana-Manao: awd-wxm-pro ()[4]
        • Proto-Manao-Xiriâna: awd-mnx-pro (Bahuanaic: mana1299[5]; Médio Rio Negro[1])[4]
          • Manao: awd-man
          • Xiriâna: xir (Shiriana; Bahuana)
        • Proto-Wapixana-Mawayana-Aruã: awd-wma-pro (Wapishanan: wapi1252[5])[4]
          • Aruã: (Aruán; Aruá)
          • Proto-Wapixana-Mawayana: awd-wpm-pro ()[4]
            • Mawayana: mzx (Mapidian, Maopityan, Maiopitian, Mahuayana, Madipian)
            • Wapixana/Wapishana: wap (Wapixana, Wapixiána, Wapisiana, Uapixana, Vapidiana)
              Amariba: wap-ama
              Atorada: aox, wap-ato (Atorad, Ator’ti, Dauri, Atoraí)
  • 🌳 Southern Arawak: awd-sou (Proto-Southern-Arawak: PSA[23]; Proto-Southern-Arawakan[24]; Proto-Southern Maipuran[12]; South- and South-Western-Arawak[13])
    ℹ️ With possible Proto-Piro-Apurinã-Baure-Ignaciano subgroup.[25]
    • Proto-Bolivia-Parana-Arawak: awd-blp-pro (Proto-Shani: PShani[22]; Bolivia-Parana: boli1260[5]; Proto-Bolivia-Paraná[26]; Bolívia-Paraná[9]; Mamoré-Paragui[7]; Paraná-Mamoré; Arawak Meridional; South-Arawak[13])
      ℹ️ Possibly grouped as either Proto-Mamoré-Guaporé (PMGU)[7][27][4] or Proto-Achane (Terena-Moxeño-Paunaka).[26]
      • Proto-Baure-Paikoneka: awd-brp-pro (Proto-Bauré-Paikonéka: PBAP[27]; Baure-Paikoneka: baur1255[5]; Baure-Paikoneka[7])
        • Proto-Baure-Muxojeone: awd-brm-pro (Proto-Bauré-Muxojeóne: PBAM[27])
          • Proto-Baure: brg-pro (Proto-Bauré: PBAU[27]; Baure-Carmelito-Joaquiniano: baur1254[5])
            • Baure: brg (Bauré)
              Carmelito: brg-car
              Chiquimiti: brg-xiq
              Joaquiniano: brg-joa
          • Muxojeone: awd-mux (Muxojeóne; Muchojeone)
        • Paikoneka: awd-pai
      • Proto-Moxeño-Paunaka: awd-mxp-pro (Proto-Moxeno-Paunáka: PMOP[27]; Moxo-Paunaca: moxo1235[5]; Mojo-Paunaka[7])
        • Proto-Moxeño: ign-pro or awd-mox-pro (Proto-Mojeño: PM[28]; Proto-Moxeno: PMOX[27])
          • Moxeño/Ignaciano: ign (Moxo: moxo1234[5]; Morocosi; Mojeño; Moho; Mojo)
            Loretano: ign-lor (Loreto)
            Ignaciano: ign-ign
            Javierano: ign-jav
            Old Moxeño: ign-old
            Trinitario: trn, ign-tri
        • Paunaka/Paunaca: pnk
      • Terena/Tereno: ter (Terena-Kinikinao-Chane: tere1279[5]; Terêna; Tereno; Terêna-Guaná)
        Chané: caj, ter-cha
        Etelena: ter-ete
        Guana/Kinikinao: gqn, ter-gua (Guaná)
        Kinikinao: ter-kin
    • Proto-Kampa: awd-kam-pro (Proto-Kampa[29]: PK[30]; Proto-Ashaninka: PAsh[22]; Proto-Arawak-Pré-Andino: PAPA[5]; Pre-Andine Maipuran: prea1240[5]; Proto-Asháninka[31]; Proto-Campa-Machiguenga[25]; Campa[13])
      ℹ️ Possibly grouped into Northern Kampa[30], Proto-Nomatsigenga-Asháninka-Ashéninka[30]/Axaninka-Nomatsigenga[7], or Asha-Ashe-Kak-Matsi-Nan (asha1244)[5]
      • Proto-Asheninka-Ashaninka-Caquinte: awd-acc-pro (Proto-Ashéninka-Asháninka-Caquinte: PAAC[29]; Asha-Ashe-Kak: asha1241[5]; Southern Kampa/Kakinte-Asháninka-Ashéninka[30]; Axaninka-Kakinte[7])
        • Proto-Asheninka-Ashaninka: cni-pro
          • Asheninka-Ashaninka/Asháninka: cni (Ashe-Asha: asha1242[5]; Axaninka-Axeninka[7])
            Asháninka: cni-ash
            Ashéninka Pajonal: cjo, cni-paj
            Ashéninka Perené: prq, cni-per
            Ajyíninka Apurucayali: cpc, cni-apu
            Pichis Ashéninka: cpu, cni-pic
            South Ucayali Ashéninka: cpy, cni-suc
            Ucayali-Yurúa Ashéninka: cpb, cni-ucy
        • Caquinte: cot
      • Proto-Matsigenka-Nanti: awd-msn-pro (Proto-Matsigenka-Nanti: PMN[29]; Matsi-Nan: mats1245[5]; Matsigenka-Nanti)
        • Matsigenka/Machiguenga: mcb
        • Nanti: cox
      • Nomatsigenga/Nomatsiguenga: not
    • Proto-Piro-Apurinã: awd-pap-pro (Proto-Piro-Apuriná: PP-Ap[22]; Proto-Apurinã-Piro-Iñapari: P-API[32][33]; Proto-Purus: PPUR[7]; Purus[7]: puru1265[5]; Piro-Apuriná[13]; Proto-Piro-Apurinã[12][31]; Piro-Apurinã-Ĩnapari[30])[4]
      • Apurinã: apu
      • Kanamare: awd-kan (Kanamare: kan[34]; Kanamaré; Canamaré; Canamare) ℹ️ Often confused with Kanamari (knm).
      • Iñapari: inp
        Cuchitineri: inp-cux (Kushitineri)
        Kuniba: inp-kun (Kuniba: kun[34]; Cuniba)
        Inapari: inp-ina (Inapori, Inamarí, Iapari, Inamarí)
      • Piro: pib (Piro-Manchineri[7]; Piroic: piro1249[5]; Pirro; Pira)
        Machineri/Machinere: mpd, pib-max (Maneteri: man[34]; Mashineri, Machinere, Maxinéri; Maniteneri, Manchineri, Manchinere, Manchineri, Manitenerí, Manitenére) ℹ️ Ethnologue claims Machineri is a separate language from Piro, however most scholars do not seem to support this.[35]
        Yine: pib-yin (Chontaquiro, Contaquiro, Simirinch, Simirinche, Simiranch)
      • Mashco Piro: cuj (Maxko Piro; Cujareño; Nomole) ℹ️ Possible dialect of Piro[36] or Iñapari.[1]
  • 🌳 Western Arawak: awd-wes[4] (Western[9][35]; Proto-Amuesha-Chamicuro[37])
    • Amuesha Yanesha': ame
    • Chamicuro: ccc
Unsorted languages
  • Apolista: awd-apo
  • Enawené-Nawé: unk


References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Aikhenvald (1999)
  2. ^ de Carvalho, Fernando O. (2016) INTERNAL AND COMPARATIVE RECONSTRUCTION IN YAWALAPITI: PALATALIZATION AND RULE TELESCOPING 1
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Ramirez (2001)
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 Walker, R. S. and L. A. Ribeiro (2011, January). Bayesian phylogeography of the Arawak expansion in lowland South America. Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25 glottolog
  6. ^ Goeje (1928)
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery (2016) Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas
  8. ^ de Carvalho, Fernando O. (2016) Obscure cognates and lexical reconstruction: notes on the diachrony of the Xinguan Arawak languages
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Payne 1991a
  10. ^ Durand (2016)
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Stark, Tammy (2018) Caribbean Northern Arawak Person Marking and Alignment: a Comparative and Diachronic Analysis
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Desmond C. Derbyshire, Geoffrey K. Pullum, editors (1998) Handbook of Amazonian Languages, volume 4
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Danielsen (2007)
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Drummond, A. J. and A. Rambaut (2007). BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees. BMC Evolutionary Biology 7 (214).
  15. ^ Taylor; Rouse (1955)
  16. ^ de Carvalho, Fernando O. (2015) The diachrony of person-number marking in the Lokono-Wayuunaiki subgroup of the Arawak family: reconstruction, sound change and analogy
  17. ^ CAPTAÍN, D. (1991[2005]). Proto-Lokono-Guajiro. Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Etnolingüísticos, 10:137-172.
  18. ^ Duchesne Winter, Juan (2015) Caribe, Caribana: cosmografías literarias
  19. ^ Pedro Florido, Marcelo (2008) As parentológicas Arawá e Arawak: um estudo sobre parentesco e aliança
  20. ^ Prado Pastor, Ignacio (2005) Revista latinoamericana de estudios etnolingüísticos
  21. ^ Stark, T. (2017). Caribbean northern arawak subgrouping: lexical phylogenetics and comparative morphology. Paper presented at the Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas, Austin, TX, January 6.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 Matteson (1972)
  23. ^ Carvalho (2017) Fricative_Debuccalization
  24. ^ Danielsen (2011:514)
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Gow, P. 2002. Piro, Apurinã, and Campa: Social Dissimilation and Assimilation as Historical Processes in Southwestern Amazonia. In Comparative Arawakan Histories: Rethinking language family and culture area in Amazonia. J.D. Hill, and F. Santos-Granero, eds. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, pp. 147-170.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Carvalho (2017) On Terena Arawakan -paho
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 Jolkesky, Marcelo (2016) Uma reconstrução do proto-mamoré-guaporé (família arawák)
  28. ^ de Carvalho, Fernando O.; Rose, Françoise (2018) Comparative Reconstruction of Proto-Mojeño and the Phonological Diversification of Mojeño Dialects, LIAMES (Línguas Indígenas Americanas), 18
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Michael, Lev (2011) La reconstruccion y la clasicacion interna de la rama kampa de la familia arawak. Austin: Talk at CILLA V, October 7.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 Lawrence, Aimee (2014) Reconstruction of Proto-Kampa Verbal Morphology
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Julian Granberry, Gary Vescelius (2004) Languages of the Pre-Columbian Antilles
  32. ^ Brandão (2007) Estudos comparativos do léxico da fauna e flora Aruák
  33. ^ Brandão (2008) A reconstrução de formas lexicais e gramaticais do Proto-Apurinã-Piro-Iñapari
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 de Goeje, C. H. (2009) The Arawak Language of Guiana
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Campbell 2012:75
  36. ^ Kaufman
  37. ^ Parker (1991)
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