User:Zff19930930/Interpretation of Yola pronunciation
Prolog[edit]
Little is known about Yola pronunciation, the only comments of Yola pronunciation are to be found on page 13 in Barnes (1867).
In order for a person not acquainted with the pronunciation of the dialect to for many thing like an idea of it, it is first necessary to speak slowly, and remember that the letter a has invariably the same sound, like a in father. Double ee sounds as e in me, and in most words of two syllables the long accent is placed on the last. To follow the English pronunciation completely deprives the dialect of its peculiarities.
And another piece on page 134 in Browne (1927).
The dialect was spoken very slowly. In words of two or more syllables the long accent is on the last, and the sound of a is very broad, like aa.
From above we can learn that the short <a> is /a/, the long <a> is /ɔː/ and the <ee> is /iː/, but these are far from satisfactory. This article aims to unravel the mystery of Yola pronunciation.
Stress shift[edit]
Yola stresses the last syllable, some typical examples show the long accent:
| Yola | bedreede | Deenees | Palloake | Bugaaune | vezeeen | pitheye |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | bedrid | Dennis | Palluch | Boggan | fizzing | pity |
Some words with diacritic:
| Yola | bandēle | gaudés | hardïshe |
|---|---|---|---|
| English | bendel | gaudies |
The stress shift even created an extra syllable:
| Yola | halleef | callef |
|---|---|---|
| English | half | calf |
Seems a secondary stress on first syllable:
| Yola | baronie | /ˌbaɾʊˈniː/ |
|---|---|---|
| Middle English | baronie | /ˌbaruˈniː(ə)/ |
Last short vowel can be stressed, as in early goouness /guːˈnɛs/, which eventually became goounees /guːˈniːz/.
Vowels in first syllable can be long or short:
| Yola | knaugane, knockane |
|---|---|
| Irish | cnocán |
Vowels in first and last syllables can be both long:
| Yola | Deenees | Phielim |
|---|---|---|
| English | Dennis | Philip |
or both short:
| Yola | carrick |
|---|
Yola was spoken in southeast Ireland and has some loanwords from Southern Irish (Munster Irish):
| Yola | Irish | Munster | Connacht | Ulster |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| shraanes, shruanes, shruaanès | sreang | /ʃɾˠauŋɡ/ | /sˠɾˠɑːŋ/ | /sˠɾˠaŋ/ |
Yola also borrowed its stress shift:
| Yola | Irish | Munster | Connacht | Ulster |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| garraane | gearrán | /ɟəˈɾˠɑːnˠ/ | /ˈɟaɾˠɑːnˠ/ | /ˈɟaɾˠanˠ/ |
| potteen | poitín | /pˠəˈtʲiːnʲ/ | /ˈpˠɛtʲiːnʲ/ | /ˈpˠɛtʲinʲ/ |
Yola stress is consistently on the last syllable:
| Yola | Irish | Munster | Connacht | Ulster |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| punaan | punann | /ˈpˠʊn̪ˠən̪ˠ/ | /ˈpˠʊnˠən̪ˠ/ | /ˈpˠʌn̪ˠən̪ˠ/ |
| barnaugh | bairneach | /ˈbˠɑːɾˠn̠ʲəx/ | /ˈbˠɑːɾˠn̠ʲəx/ | /ˈbˠaːɾˠn̠ʲa(x)/ |
Demonstration Method[edit]
Since there is no native speaker of Yola, the pronunciation reconstruction is mainly by comparison.
1.Variant spelling: Yola is mere a vernacular whose orthography was never established. Thus, some etymological spelling has valuble phonetic variant. For instance:
Etymological: daaily (daily, spelling was based on English) Phonetic: die (day, IPA /diː/) Mixed: faaigh & fyth (faith, half etymological and half phonetic)
2.Middle English: Being a descendant of Middle English, Yola's prounciation is confined to its ancestral language.
3.Irish: Yola borrowed some vocabulary from Irish, as well as its pronunciation.
Vowel Pronunciation[edit]
One-letter vowels[edit]
Letter <a1~a5>[edit]
| Vowels | IPA | Yola | Variant | MiddleEnglish | Irish | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <a1> | iː | barach | barich | barlich /iː/ | <a> is a common spelling for /iː/ in Yola. | |
| a | ee tha the | þe /eː/ | ||||
| ha | hey /æi̯/ | |||||
| banès | baanès beanès | bene /ɛː/ | <a>, <aa> and <ea> are interchangeable in Yola. | |||
| buckate | boket /ɛ/ | /ɛ/→/ɛː/→/eː/→/iː/ due to stress shift. | ||||
| condale | condel | candel /ә/ | /ә/→/iː/ due to stress shift. | |||
| <a2> | ɔː | fash | fās /aː/ | /-ɔːʃ/ vs /-aːs/ & /-ɑːs/ | ||
| dra | drawen /au̯/ | |||||
| farragh | *farow /ɔu̯/ | |||||
| rade | rode /ɔː/ | |||||
| waz | waas | was /a/ | ||||
| bash | baashes baush | bas /a/ | <a> is also a fast spelling for /ɔː/, which was borrowed from Irish <á>. | |||
| knagane | knaughaan o'noghanes | cnocán /ɔ.ɑː/ | /ɔːg/ vs /ɔk/ | |||
| zalavache | saalvache | salach /ə/ (Munster) | ||||
| managh | meana /ə/ | |||||
| yola | yolaw | Compare English Yola /ə/ | ||||
| <a3> | a | at | thet | that /a/ | ||
| lackin | lockeen | lakkynge /a/ | ||||
| daf | daff doff | doffen /ɔ/ | ||||
| waddeen | weddeen | weddynge /ɛ/ | Short <a> is faithfully /a/. The /ɔ/ was spelled <au> or <o>, as in taullee, kotch. | |||
| yalpeen | yelpinge /ɛ/ | |||||
| garraane | gearrán /a/ | |||||
| prasaugh | prassaugh | prásach /ɑː/ | ||||
| <a4> | ə | ana | an | an | Added to seperate consonants (e.g. ana whilke) | |
| a | e | a /a/ (one) | ||||
| a voorneen | a mhuirnín /ә/ | |||||
| ammache | amach /ә/ | |||||
| galore | go leor /ә/ | |||||
| bouchalawn | boouchelawn | buachalán /ә/ | ||||
| na | na /ә/ | |||||
| <a5> | / | zalavache | saalvache | salach | ||
| hamas | hamsraw |
Letter <e1~e4 & è>[edit]
| Vowels | IPA | Yola | Variant | MiddleEnglish | Irish | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <e1> | iː | michel | mayde child /iː/ | |||
| ameve | ameven /eː/ | |||||
| whet | whete /ɛː/ | |||||
| hele | hile | hil /i/ | ||||
| chemis | jimes | chippe /i/ | /t͡ʃiːm-/ vs /t͡ʃip-/ | |||
| beteesh | beeteesh | bitwixe /i/ | ||||
| treshpass | trespas /ɛ/ | Compare threesh | ||||
| vrem | vreem vrim | vram /a/ | ||||
| condel | condale | candel /ә/ | ||||
| halef | halleef | half | ||||
| benagh | biorach /ɪ/ | |||||
| khuingoke | khuingokee | cuinneog / / | ||||
| <e2> | ɛ | pideff | putteth /ɛ/ | |||
| ess | asse /a/ | |||||
| rebine | rubbynge /u/ | |||||
| arent | arounde /uː/ | |||||
| pether | peutre /ɛu̯/ | |||||
| mell | mele /ɛː/ | |||||
| cress | criss | creiz /æi̯/ | ||||
| sheck | sioc /ɯ/ (Munster) | |||||
| Jennate | Compare English Janet /æ/ | |||||
| <e3> | ə | egast | egasted | agasten /a/ | ||
| vaperreen | vapourynge /u/ | |||||
| generale | generale /ә/ | |||||
| boouchelawn | buachalán /ә/ | |||||
| <e4> | / | butteree | buttry | |||
| gurthes | gruts | grotes /ɛ/ | ||||
| coolecannan | cál ceannann | |||||
| puckane | pucán | |||||
| <è> | / | vassalès | vassaals | vasales /ɛ/ | Not French <è> /ɛ/ | |
| y-clepèd | y-clep'd | ycleped /ɛ/ |
Letter <i1~i3>[edit]
| Vowels | IPA | Yola | Variant | MiddleEnglish | Irish | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <i1> | iː | besithes | besidh | bisides /iː/ | /iːts/ vs /aɪdz/ | |
| dhrive | dhreeve | driven /iː/ | ||||
| nishte | neeshte | neste /eː/ | ||||
| hiver | heyfre /æi̯/ | |||||
| niz | nize | nese /ɛː/ | ||||
| mize | mase /aː/ | |||||
| vice | voys /ui̯/ | |||||
| rishp | reeshp rieshp | rispen /i/ | /s/ → /ʃ/ after /iː/ | |||
| drine | dringe /i/ | |||||
| milonach | méalach /eː/ | |||||
| kish | kishe | cis /ɪ/ | ||||
| manish | Compare English manage /ɪ/, /d͡ʒ/ was devoiced to /ʃ/ after /iː/ | |||||
| <i2> | ɪ | ich | 'ch- | ich /i/ | ||
| hin | hen /ɛ/ | |||||
| tib | tibbès | tubbe /u/ | ||||
| criss | cress | creiz /æi̯/ | ||||
| sthill | stile /iː/ | |||||
| kippeens | cipín /ɪ/ | |||||
| <i3> | / | chemis | chems | |||
| ee-sarith | sarrth |
Letter <y1~y2>[edit]
| Vowels | IPA | Yola | Variant | MiddleEnglish | Irish | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <y1> | iː | pethy | pite /eː/ | |||
| agyne | agayn /æi̯/ | |||||
| tyshe | tesen /ɛː/ | |||||
| hyme | hime | hame /aː/ | Compare also Orkney Scots heem /i/. | |||
| y-clepèd | ee-clepèd | ycleped /i/ | ||||
| <y2> | ɪ | Wyllhaume | Willyaam | William /i/ |
Letter <o1~o4>[edit]
| Vowels | IPA | Yola | Variant | MiddleEnglish | Irish | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <o1> | ɔː | zo | zoo sae | so /ɔː/ | <oo> ≠ /oʊ/, <ae> ≠ /oː/ or /uː/ | |
| lhose | lass | lase /aː/ | ||||
| 'ote | woten /ɔ/ | |||||
| bogher | boagher | bóthar /oː/ | ||||
| eelone | oileán /ɔː/ (Munster) | |||||
| gom | gám /ɑː/ | |||||
| colure | cooloor | colúr /ɔ/ | ||||
| <o2> | uː | muthon | mothoon | motoun /uː/ | ||
| wode | ud | wolde /oː/ | ||||
| brazon | brasen /ә/ | |||||
| niztrols | nizterels | nesethirl | ||||
| bilo't | bilethe | boillt | ||||
| garson | gorsoon | garsún /uː/ | ||||
| Dearmoth | Diarmaid /ə/ | |||||
| <o3> | ɔ | doff | daff | doffen /ɔ/ | ||
| condale | candale | candel /a/ | ||||
| knockane | cnocán /ɔ/ | |||||
| noggeen | naigín /a/ | |||||
| <o4> | ʊ | wonter | winter /i/ | |||
| boththone | buththone | botoun /u/ | ||||
| konnee | kne / / | |||||
| comree | coimrí /ɪ/ |
Letter <u1~u2>[edit]
| Vowels | IPA | Yola | Variant | MiddleEnglish | Irish | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <u1> | uː | udh | oute /uː/ | |||
| shu | shoo | sho /oː/ | ||||
| trugh | draugh | thrugh /u/ | ||||
| shud | súd /uː/ | |||||
| schoolune | sciúlán /ɔː/ (Munster) | /ɔː/→/uː/ due to preceeding <oo> /uː/ | ||||
| butheraan | booraan | bodhrán /əu/ | ||||
| <u2> | ʊ | zummer | zimmer | zomere /u/ | ||
| yux | ʒixin /i/ | |||||
| dug | duggès | dogge /ɔ/ | ||||
| gubbach | gaubbach | caboche /a/ | /a/→/ɔ/→/ʊ/ | |||
| luther | lether /ɛ/ | /ɛ/→/ʊ/ due to following <er> /iː/ | ||||
| kunnife | knyf / / | |||||
| kun | cun /ʊ/ | |||||
| khulears | coiléar /ɪ/ | |||||
| pucane | puckawne | pocán /ɔ/ | /ɔ/→/ʊ/ due to following <a> /ɔː/ | |||
| kuddan | cadán /a/ | /a/→/ʊ/ due to following <a> /ɔː/ | ||||
| nuggeen | naigín /a/ | /a/→/ʊ/ due to following <ee> /iː/ | ||||
| murreen | mo bhron /ə.w/ |
Two-letters vowels[edit]
IPA /iː/, /ɪ/ & /ɛ/[edit]
| Vowels | IPA | Yola | Variant | MiddleEnglish | Irish | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <aa> | iː | taape | tipen /iː/ | |||
| flaase | flees /eː/ | |||||
| awaa | awi | away /æi̯/ | ||||
| laave | lea lee | leven /ɛː/ | <aa>, <ea> and <ee> are interchangeable in Yola. | |||
| grynedaane | gridane | gryndynge /i/ | ||||
| baskaate | basket /ɛ/ | |||||
| thrashaal | dhrashel | Compare English dreshel /ә/ | ||||
| <ae> | iː | naesth | neest /eː/ | |||
| <ai> | iː | faighe | fythe | feith /æi̯/ | ||
| haime | hime hyme | hame /aː/ | ||||
| ɛ | amain | amen /ɛ/ | ||||
| zaid | zed | said /æi̯/ | ||||
| Zailee | Zallie | Compare English Sally /æ/ and Jennate /ɛ/ (Janet /æ/). | ||||
| <ay> | iː | away | awaa awi | away /æi̯/ | away=*awaay=awaa | |
| ayth | at | eten /ɛː/ | ||||
| thay | tha the | þe /eː/ | ||||
| gayde | gude | good /oː/ | ||||
| <ea> | iː | teap | tipen /iː/ | |||
| hea | he | he /eː/ | ||||
| meany | meyne /æi̯/ | |||||
| yea | yee | ye /ɛː/ | ||||
| greash | grase /aː/ | |||||
| speate | spytte /i/ | |||||
| maistreace | mistrace | maistresse /ɛ/ | ||||
| llean | léan /eː/ | |||||
| ɛ | hearesth | harrest | hervest /ɛ/ | |||
| pealt | peled /ɛ/ | Compare English dealt /ɛ/ and Yola dellt. | ||||
| peadher | pedher | peutre /ɛu̯/ | ||||
| Learry | Compare English Larry /æ/ | |||||
| measkeen | measc /a/ | |||||
| <ee> | iː | bee | be by | by /iː/ | ||
| neeshte | nishte | neste /eː/ | ||||
| heereen | hering /ɛː/ | |||||
| dezeen | dozeine /æi̯/ | |||||
| jeeneare | joynour /ui̯/ | |||||
| threesh | trace /aː/ | |||||
| weel | ill | willen /i/ | ||||
| goounees | goodnesse /ɛ/ | |||||
| halleef | halluf | half / / | ||||
| sneesheen | snisheen | snaoisín /iː/ | ||||
| pilleen | pillean /eː/ | |||||
| murreen | mo bhrón /oː/ | |||||
| eeloan | oileán /ɪ/ | |||||
| varreen | fearann /ә/ | |||||
| Deenees | Compare English Dennis /ɛ/,/ɪ/ | |||||
| Vinteen | Compare English Finton /ә/ | |||||
| Qougeely | Compare English Cagley / / | |||||
| <ei> | iː | eatheit | eatheet | evetyde /iː/ | ||
| heireen | heereen | heringe /eː/ | ||||
| skeine | skyne | skayne /æi̯/ | ||||
| peint | pint | poynte /ui̯/ | ||||
| deight | dighten /i/ | |||||
| ɪ | keilès | keillès | Compare English skittles /ɪ/ | |||
| jeist | jist gist | juste /u/ | Influnced by Irish ceist /ɛ/ | |||
| heifteen | heft /ɛ/ | /ɛ/→/ɪ/ due to following <ee> /iː/ | ||||
| <ey> | iː | brandeyrons | eeren | brandirens /iː/ | ||
| zey | zee | seen /eː/ | ||||
| pley | pleye /æi̯/ | |||||
| haoleghey | holgave | |||||
| Meyleare | Mylere | Compare English Miler /aɪ/ | ||||
| Sooney | Compare English Sonny /i/ | |||||
| <ia> | iː | hia | heegh | hyghe /iː/ | Spelling was borrowed from Irish <ia> /iə/ and compare also Manx spelling <ia> /iː/ | |
| brian | bryne | brayn /æi̯/ | ||||
| <ie> | iː | dhrie | dhree | thre /eː/ | ||
| kie | keye /æi̯/ | |||||
| parieshe | paryshe | parisshe /i/ | ||||
| glies | dlaoi /iː/ | |||||
| Thieg | Tadhg /əi/ | |||||
| albiet | albeit | Compare English albeit /iː.ɪ/ | ||||
| <ye> | iː | awye | awi | away /æi̯/ | ||
| nyeght | neeght | nighte /i/ | ||||
| rothyed | rothed | Similar to English /-tid,-did/, but long /iː/. | ||||
| <yi> | iː | zyin | zien | seying /æi̯.i/ | ||
| <oi> | iː | moile | Cognate with English turmoil /ɔɪ/. Influenced by Irish <oí> /iː/, and compare also Yola bile (English boil). | |||
| <oy> | iː | Foyle | Compare English Foyle /ɔɪ/. |
IPA /ɔː/ & /ɔ/[edit]
| Vowels | IPA | Yola | Variant | MiddleEnglish | Irish | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <aa> | ɔː | dhraat | throate /ɔː/ | |||
| laas | lawe /au̯/ | |||||
| blaak | bhlock | blak /aː/ | ||||
| aam | w'aam w'aum | am /a/ | ||||
| waal | well wull | wal /a/ | ||||
| mossaale | morsel /ә/ | |||||
| baakooze | bácús /ɔː/ (Munster) | |||||
| *schoolaan | schoolune | sciúlán /ɔː/ (Munster) | ||||
| caam | cam /au/ (Munster) | |||||
| baashes | bas /a/ | |||||
| saalvache | zalavache | salach /ə/ (Munster) | ||||
| Zimaan | Zimoon | Compare English Simon /ə/ | ||||
| <ae> | ɔː | sae | zo | so /ɔː/ | ||
| nae | no na | na /ɑː/ | ||||
| <ao> | ɔː | haoleghey | holghe | A misspelling of <oa>, influenced by Irish <ao> /eː/. | ||
| <au> | ɔː | draugh | throwen /ɔu̯/ | |||
| caushe | cauce /au̯/ | /ɔːʃ/ vs /au̯s/ | ||||
| glaude | glade /aː/ | |||||
| laupe | leopen /øː/ | |||||
| caule | colt /ɔ/ | |||||
| draugh | thrugh /u/ | |||||
| baush | bas /a/ | |||||
| paug | póg /oː/ | |||||
| caubaun | cábán /ɔː/ (Munster) | |||||
| knaugh | knock | cnoc /ɔ/ | ||||
| prasaugh | prásach /ə/ | |||||
| ɔ | kaudès | kauddès | kat /a/ | /kɔdz/ vs /kɔːts/ | ||
| lauckeen | lockeen | lakkynge /a/ | ||||
| thaugkt | thogt /ɔ/ | |||||
| laupeen | lappeen | laupe + een | ||||
| gaubbach | gubbach | caboche /a/ | ||||
| caulthe | called /a/ | |||||
| lhaungher | lengeren /ɛ/ | |||||
| <ua> | ɔː | shruanes | shraanes | sreang /au/ | Spelling was borrowed from Irish <uá> /uːaː/. | |
| <aw> | ɔː | bawkoon | bacoun /aː/ | |||
| kawle | colt /ɔ/ | |||||
| puckawne | pucán /ɔː/ (Munster) | |||||
| ɔ | lawveen | leveen | leven /ɛ/ | |||
| shawl | schelen /ɛ/ | |||||
| <eo> | ɔː | heoven | heoven /øː/ | |||
| <oa> | ɔː | oan | ane | oon /ɔː/ | ||
| zoane | sand /aː/ | |||||
| koaver | coffre /ɔ/ | /ɔːv/ vs /ɔf/ | ||||
| erroane | errone | erand /a/ | ||||
| oaskean | ashen | asken /a/ | Unstressed vowel in first syllable was lengthened. | |||
| eeeloan | oileán /ɔː/ (Munster) | |||||
| poage | paugh | póg /oː/ | ||||
| Palloake | Compare English Palluch /ə/ | |||||
| <oe> | ɔː | goeth | goath go | goth /ɔː/ | ||
| <oo> | ɔː | pooke | poake | poke /ɔː/ | ||
| chisool | chisal /a/ | |||||
| coolecannan | cál ceannann /ɔː/ (Munster) | |||||
| cooloor | colúr /ɔ/ | |||||
| Sooney | Compare English Sonny /ɔ/ | |||||
| Zimoon | Compare English Simon /ə/ | |||||
| <ou> | ɔː | boust | bost /ɔː/ | |||
| lous | lhause | lowsen /ɔu̯/ | ||||
| fout | faute /au̯/ | |||||
| brough | brocke | braken /aː/ | ||||
| helbough | helboge | elbohe /ɔ/ | ||||
| brough | bróg /oː/ | |||||
| knough | knaugh knock | cnoc /ɔ/ | ||||
| meelough | milagh | míleach /ə/ | ||||
| <ow> | ɔː | wullow | wullaw | wallowen /ɔu̯/ | ||
| own | ane oan | oon /ɔː/ | ||||
| cowlee | colee /ɔ/ |
IPA /uː/ & /ʊ/[edit]
| Vowels | IPA | Yola | Variant | MiddleEnglish | Irish | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <oo> | uː | graashoos | graacuse | gracious /uː/ | ||
| shoo | shu | sho /oː/ | ||||
| falloo | falow /ɔu̯/ | |||||
| looke | lhuck | luk /u/ | ||||
| coolane | cúlán /uː/ | |||||
| booraan | butheraan | bodhrán /əu/ | ||||
| <ou> | uː | houze | houze /uː/ | /huːz/ vs /haʊs/ | ||
| ouz | uz | us /uː/ | ||||
| ghou | goule /ul/ | |||||
| zough | sighe /iː/ | |||||
| coulaan | cúlán /uː/ | |||||
| slouk | slouck | slugge /u/ | ||||
| ʊ | noughel | knuckelès | knokel /u/ | |||
| poul | pul | polle /ɔ/ | ||||
| coureate | correate | karette /a/ | /a/→/ʊ/ due to following <ea> /iː/ | |||
| clouk | cloch /ɔ/ | |||||
| Qougeely | Compare English Cagley /æ/, /a/→/ʊ/ due to following <ee> /iː/. | |||||
| <ow> | uː | howze | houze /uː/ | /huːz/ vs /haʊs/ | ||
| owze | wosen /oː/ | |||||
| nowd | cnúdán /uː/ | |||||
| <eu> | uː | streu | strove /ɔː/ | |||
| aneure | anure anooree | |||||
| <ue> | uː | tuesdei | tusedei | tiwesday /u̯/ | ||
| vartue | vertu /u̯/ | |||||
| <ew> | uː | eenew | ynough /uː/ | |||
| strew | stre | strew /ɛu̯/ | ||||
| crewst | cruste /u/ | |||||
| <we> | uː | crwest | cruste /u/ | |||
| <uu> | uː | duucks | dukes /uː/ |
Three-letters vowels[edit]
IPA /iː/[edit]
| Vowels | IPA | Yola | Variant | MiddleEnglish | Irish | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <aai> | iː | faaighe | fythe | faith /æi̯/ | Compare Manx spelling <aai> /ɛi/ | |
| <aay> | iː | thaay | thye | þei /æi̯/ | ||
| kaayle | kal /aː/ | |||||
| <aie> | iː | praie | pry | preien /æi̯/ | ||
| daie | die | day /æi̯/ | ||||
| <aye> | iː | thaye | thye | þei /æi̯/ | ||
| <eaa> | iː | heaaven | heaven /ɛː/ | |||
| <eea> | iː | neeat | naate nate | net /ɛː/ | Compare Manx spelling <eea> /iː/ | |
| <eee> | iː | Eeerish | Irish /iː/ | |||
| vezeeen | vizeen | |||||
| eeeloan | eelone iloan | oileán /ɪ/ | ||||
| <eei> | iː | keeine | keene kyne | kyne /iː/ | Compare Manx spelling <eei> /iː/ | |
| weeireth | wereth /ɛː/ | |||||
| yeeit | yie it yate | |||||
| <eie> | iː | Weiesforde | Weiseford | |||
| <eye> | iː | keyen | keene kyne | kyne /iː/ | ||
| pitheye | pethy | pite /eː/ | ||||
| <iee> | iː | grieend | griende | grynden /iː/ | ||
| ieen | een | eyen /ɛi̯/ | ||||
| dieeght | deight | dighten /i/ | ||||
| <yee> | iː | wyeene | weend | wynd /iː/ | ||
| <uee> | iː | buee | buí /iː/ | Influenced by Irish <uí> /iː/. | ||
| <uye> | iː | buye | bye | boye /ɔi̯/ | ||
| <oee> | iː | joee | joye /ɔi̯/ | Influenced by Irish <oí> /iː/. | ||
| <oye> | iː | joyes | joye /ɔi̯/ |
IPA /ɔː/[edit]
| Vowels | IPA | Yola | Variant | MiddleEnglish | Irish | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <aau> | ɔː | gaaume | gaame gaume | game /aː/ | <aau> is a compatible form of <aa> and <au> | |
| saaughe | sách /ɔː/ (Munster) | |||||
| Bugaaune | Compare English Boggan /ә/ | |||||
| <aua> | ɔː | Jauane | Jaane | |||
| <uaa> | ɔː | shruaanès | shruanes shraanes | sreang /au/ | Spelling was borrowed from Irish <uá> /uːaː/. | |
| <awe> | ɔː | mawen | mawn moan | |||
| tawest | taaste | taste /aː/ | ||||
| bawen | bán /ɔː/ (Munster) | |||||
| <oau> | ɔː | dhoaugh | dowgh /ɔu̯/ | <oau> is a compatible form of <oa> and <au> | ||
| <ooa> | ɔː | cooat | wazcoote coat | cote /ɔː/ | <ooa> is a compatible form of <oo> and <oa> | |
| cooan | koan kon | cane /aː/ |
IPA /uː/[edit]
| Vowels | IPA | Yola | Variant | MiddleEnglish | Irish | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <eew> | uː | sneew | snow /ɔu̯/ | |||
| <ewe> | uː | vewe | vew | fewe /ɛu̯/ | ||
| <eou> | uː | heouse | houze howze | hous /uː/ | ||
| geoudè | gude | good /oː/ | ||||
| keough | cough /ɔu̯/ | |||||
| <eow> | uː | sneow | sneew | snow /ɔu̯/ | ||
| deowne | doun /uː/ | |||||
| <ooe> | uː | blooeden | blooden | blood /o:/ | ||
| <oou> | uː | gooude | gude | good /oː/ | ||
| knoouledge | knowleche /ɔu̯/ | |||||
| boouchel | bokel /u/ | |||||
| boouchelawn | bouchalawn | buachalán /uә/ | ||||
| <oow> | uː | winnooween | wyndowynge /ɔu̯/ | |||
| <oue> | uː | harroue | harrowe /ɔu̯/ | |||
| <owe> | uː | nowe | neow | nou /uː/ | ||
| lowem | loumbe /ɔu̯/ | |||||
| snowe | sneow | snow /ɔu̯/ | ||||
| blowe | blowen /ɔu̯/ | Rhymes with kewe /uː/ | ||||
| drowe | t'drowe | throwen /ɔu̯/ | Rhymes with blowe /uː/ | |||
| <ouw> | uː | crouw | crowe /ɔu̯/ | Compare drowe /uː/ |
Vowels with unetymological <y,i>[edit]
| Vowels | IPA | Yola | Variant | MiddleEnglish | Irish | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <auy> | ɔː | blauyke | blauke | blaken /aː/ | Spelling was influnced by Irish <ái> /aː/ & <ói> /oː/ | |
| blauyeen | blayeen | |||||
| <oui> | uː | pouingaan | poumgaam | Spelling was influnced by Irish <úi> /uː/ | ||
| <ooy> | uː | booyren | ||||
| <uoy> | uː | buoyren | ||||
| <iau> | jɔː | riaught | reicht | right /i/ | <au> was often paired to <-gh>, as in arraugh, barnaugh, prasaugh & usquebaugh. | |
| <yau> | jɔː | ryaught | reicht | right /i/ | ||
| <yaa> | jɔː | Willyaam | Wyllhaume | William /i.a/ |
Four-letters vowels[edit]
| Vowels | IPA | Yola | Variant | MiddleEnglish | Irish | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <aaye> | iː | thaaye | thye | þei /æi̯/ | ||
| raaye | rathe /aː/ | /ɾiː/ vs /ɾeɪð/ | ||||
| <eeou> | iː.uː | Peeougheen | Compare English Pugh /juː/ | |||
| <eeoo> | iː.uː | leeoon | lyoun /iːuː/ | |||
| <eioo> | iː.uː | leioon | lyoun /iːuː/ | |||
| <eiou> | iː.uː | leiough | leigh | |||
| <ieou> | iː.uː | kotlieough | cotleough | |||
| <eoue> | uː | reoue | rooe | rewe /ɛu̯/ | ||
| <eouw> | uː | keouw | keow | cou /uː/ | ||
| <eowe> | uː | keowe | kewe khow | |||
| <oowe> | uː | croowe | crouw | crowe /ɔu̯(ə)/ | ||
| <aawe> | ɔː | zaawe | sawe /au̯/ | |||
| <auaa> | ɔː | Jauaan | Jauane Jaane | <auaa> is a compatible form of <au> and <aa> |
Vowels with -r(e)[edit]
IPA /ɔː/[edit]
| Vowels | IPA | Yola | Variant | MiddleEnglish | Irish | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <or> | ɔː | or | o' | or /ɔr/ | ||
| besmorth | bi smeored /œr/ | |||||
| torches | tarche /ar/ | |||||
| shor | share /aːr/ | |||||
| Furlorn | Furloan Furlong | |||||
| <ore> | ɔː | more | mo' | more /ɔr(ə)/ | ||
| Hore | Horsloan | Hore /ɔːr/ | ||||
| galore | go leor /oːɾˠ/ | |||||
| Ballymore | Béal Átha Mó /oː/ | Compare English Ballymoe, Yola /ɔː/ was never diphthongized as /oʊ/. | ||||
| <orr> | ɔː | gorr | gors /ɔr/ | |||
| <oar> | ɔː | noardth | nordh | north /ɔr/ | ||
| loard | lord /ɔːr/ | |||||
| coardhed | cuardaigh /uəɾˠ/ | |||||
| <oare> | ɔː | thoare | thore /ɔːr/ | |||
| <oer> | ɔː | oer | over /ɔː.ər/ | Compare English o'er /ɔː/, /ˈəʊ.ə/ | ||
| <oor> | ɔː | hoornta | hornta | hornd /ɔr/ | ||
| <our> | ɔː | lournagh | lorn /ɔːr/ | |||
| vour | vour /ɔu̯r/ | |||||
| courmach | carthanach /aɾˠ/ | |||||
| <oure> | ɔː | voure | vour /ɔu̯r/ | |||
| <owr> | ɔː | owr | oer | over /ɔː.ər/ | ||
| <owre> | ɔː | vowre | vour /ɔu̯r/ | |||
| <eor> | ɔː | steor | starr | steorre /œr/ | ||
| eord | eorthe /øːr/ | |||||
| <ar> | ɔː | ar | or o' | or /ɔr/ | ||
| varty | vorty | vourty /ɔu̯r/ | ||||
| parshagh | passyf /a/ | /pɔːʃ-/ vs /pɑːs-/ & /paɾs-/ | ||||
| barlich | baarich | barlich /ar/ | ||||
| har | harr | har /ar/ | ||||
| war | ware /aːr/ (were) | |||||
| aagar | eger /ər/ | |||||
| neckarès | necke kever /ər/ | |||||
| bargher | boagher | bóthar /oː/ | ||||
| garson | gorson | garsún /ɑɾˠ/ | ||||
| barnaugh | bairneach /ɑːɾˠ/ | |||||
| harnothes | Compare English hognut /ɔ/ | |||||
| <are> | ɔː | avare | avar | avore /ɔːr(ə)/ | ||
| gudevare | vare /aːr(ə)/ | |||||
| ware | ware /aːr(ə)/ (were) | |||||
| poplare | Compare yola, yolaw | |||||
| <arr> | ɔː | sarrth | zarth | sarved /ar/ | <arr> is always /ɔː/ | |
| <aar> | ɔː | shaar | shor | share /aːr/ | ||
| thaar | thoare | thare /aːr/ | ||||
| maarkeet | markeat | market /ar/ | ||||
| labstaar | lobstar /ar/ | Compare starr | ||||
| <aare> | ɔː | saareth | sarrth zarth | sarved /ar/ | ||
| thaare | thoare | thare /aːr(ə)/ | ||||
| ee-waare | ware /aːr(ə)/ | Rhymes with shaure | ||||
| <aure> | ɔː | shaure | shorne | schar /ar/ | ||
| caure | care /aːr(ə)/ |
IPA /iː/[edit]
| Vowels | IPA | Yola | Variant | MiddleEnglish | Irish | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <er> | iː | lhaungher | lengeren /ər/ | /ɛ/→/ɔ/ due to following <er> /iː/, compare lawveen & leveen. | ||
| luther | lether /ər/ | /ɛ/→/ʊ/ due to following <er> /iː/ | ||||
| *vider | vidie vidy fidi | whider /ər/ | /-r/ was absorbed by preceeding vowel | |||
| *gager | gagee | gauger /ər/ | ||||
| vallert | value /iu̯/ | Compare West English vallee /iː/ | ||||
| yer | ye | your /uːr/ | ||||
| ercha | eachy | ech /ɛː/ | ||||
| erth | erthe /ɛːr/ | |||||
| livertie | liberte /ɛr/ | |||||
| mistern | *misteen | mistynge /i/ | ||||
| boagher | bóthar /əɾˠ/ | |||||
| Kerwaane | Compare English Kirwan /ɜː/ | |||||
| <ere> | iː | zhoulthered | sholthet | |||
| fadere | wad / / | Compare gooudee /iː/ | ||||
| were | wer | were /ɛːr(ə)/ | ||||
| curthere | quartere /eːr/ | |||||
| geinere | joynour /uːr/ | |||||
| vigere | vigure /iu̯r(ə)/ | |||||
| <ear> | iː | earchee | eachy | ech /ɛː/ | ||
| gearded | geet /ɛː/ | |||||
| vear | ferde | fere /ɛːr/ | ||||
| fearse | fers /eːr/ | |||||
| hearth | herte /ɛr/ | |||||
| Dearmoth | Diarmaid /iəɾˠ/ | |||||
| slaugheardhès | slogaire /əɾˠ/ | |||||
| bearde | Compare English beard /ɪə/ | |||||
| <eare> | iː | jeeneare | geinere | joynour /uːr/ | ||
| ghurteare | gartere /eːr/ | |||||
| sheare | shere /ɛːr(ə)/ | |||||
| dhresheare | thresshere /ər(ə)/ | |||||
| <eer> | iː | aulaveer | agyther | |||
| neer | near | |||||
| liveer | Compare English liefer /ə/ | |||||
| <eere> | iː | wurgheere | ||||
| <eear> | iː | geearth | gearded | geet /ɛː/ | ||
| <eyer> | iː | feyer | feyre /æi̯r/ | |||
| <ir> | iː | skir | skee | sky /iː/ | ||
| dhirtee | thirty /ir/ | |||||
| <ire> | iː | Irelonde | Erelhoan | Irlond /iːr/ | ||
| <ier> | iː | vier | vire | vir /i:r/ | ||
| sthiers | steire /æi̯r/ | |||||
| <yre> | iː | chyre | chier /iːər/ | |||
| <yer> | iː | wyer | vier | ver /ɛːr/ | ||
| <ar> | iː | *arte | ete | art /ar/ | Compare Scots airt /ert/ | |
| moothar | moother | moder /ər/ | Spelling was influnced by Irish, compare bóthar /əɾˠ/. | |||
| Barke | Bake Baak Beak | |||||
| Barlough | Bearlough | |||||
| <are> | iː | fare | vear'd | fearen /ɛːr/ | ||
| Milchare | Melchere | |||||
| <aar> | iː | haar | here | her /ɛːr/ | ||
| haar | hair /æi̯r/ | |||||
| baar | *bear ber | beren /ɛːr/ | ||||
| <aare> | iː | aare | iree | aire /æi̯r/ | Rhymes with Busheare /iː/ | |
| waare | were weeireth | weren /ɛːr/ |
IPA /uː/[edit]
| Vowels | IPA | Yola | Variant | MiddleEnglish | Irish | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <ur> | uː | gurth | geearth | goot /ɔː/ | ||
| naatur | nature /u̯r/ | |||||
| sturdy | sturdy /ur/ | |||||
| curneale | cornel /ɔr/ | /ɔr/→/uː/ due to following <ea> /iː/ | ||||
| ghurteare | garter /ar/ | /ar/→/uː/ due to following <eare> /iː/ | ||||
| coshur | cóisir /əɾʲ/ | |||||
| <ure> | uː | kerchure | kercher /eːr/ | |||
| <or> | uː | mor | mor /oːr/ | |||
| Thorsdei | Thursday /ur/ | |||||
| <ore> | uː | nipore | nye-bore /uːr/ | |||
| <oor> | uː | shoorth | shurte /ur/ | |||
| oor | ure | oure /uːr/ | ||||
| thoornes | thurns | thorn /oːr/ | ||||
| cooloor | colure | colúr /uːɾˠ/ | ||||
| <oore> | uː | oore | ure | oure /uːr/ | ||
| <our> | uː | dhourk | durk | durk /ur/ | ||
| our | ure | oure /u:r/ | ||||
| <oure> | uː | oure | ure | oure /uːr/ | ||
| <ourr> | uː | spourr | spourre /ur/ | |||
| <owre> | uː | owre | ure | oure /uːr/ |
Consonant Pronunciation[edit]
One-letter Consonants[edit]
| Vowels | IPA | Yola | Variant | MiddleEnglish | Irish | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <b> | b | bawkoon | bacoun /b/ | |||
| Beedher | Peedher | Peter /p/ | ||||
| baakooze | bácús /bˠ/ | |||||
| benagh | biorach /bʲ/ | |||||
| <c> | k | bawcoon | bawkoon | bacoun /k/ | ||
| coolecannan | cál ceannann /k.c/ | |||||
| s | laace | laase | lace /s/ | /lɔːs/ not /lɔːʃ/ | ||
| zince | synnes /s/ | |||||
| avancet | avaunced /s/ | |||||
| danceen | dauncynge /s/ | |||||
| ʃ | graacuse | graashoos | gracious /sj/ | |||
| <d> | d | die | day /d/ | |||
| del | tell | til /t/ | ||||
| detch | thacchen /θ/ | |||||
| videl | viþele /ð/ | |||||
| eord | eorðe /ð/ | |||||
| Dearmoth | Diarmaid /dʲ/ | |||||
| <f> | ɸ | fest | hist | fest /f/ | ||
| fowe | how | wou /w/ | ||||
| fidi | vidy | whider /ʍ/ | ||||
| gnafeen | gnaȝen /x/ | |||||
| fong | thong /θ/ | |||||
| faaighe | faith /f/ | /ɸiː/ vs /fiːθ/ | ||||
| faulsa | falsa /fˠ/ | |||||
| fungerlagh | mungarlach /mˠ/ | |||||
| Foughlaan | Compare English Coughlan /k/ | |||||
| <g> | ɡ | gaame | game /g/ | |||
| gaubbach | caboche /k/ | |||||
| gorson | garsún /g/ | |||||
| gidhaan | geadán /ɟ/ | |||||
| d͡ʒ | gendrize | gentryse /d͡ʒ/ | ||||
| gist | juste /d͡ʒ/ | |||||
| gimlie | chymeney /t͡ʃ/ | |||||
| <h> | h | hea | h' | he /h/ | ||
| <j> | d͡ʒ | jeineare | joynour /d͡ʒ/ | |||
| <k> | k | koan | cooan | cane /k/ | ||
| aake | ake /k/ | |||||
| slouk | slugge /g/ | unaspirated [k] | ||||
| klouk | cloch /k/, /x/ | |||||
| kippeens | cipín /c/ | |||||
| khuingoke | cuinneóg /g/ | unaspirated [k] | ||||
| <l> | l | londe | lond /l/ | |||
| lug | log /l̪ˠ/ | |||||
| ɫ | lethel | lythea | litel /l/ | The loss of <l> shows its darkness. | ||
| gandelt | gandet | |||||
| albeit | abeit | al be it /l/ | ||||
| coolecannan | cál ceannann /lˠ/ | |||||
| <m> | m | amain | amen /m/ | |||
| cowm | comb /mb/ | |||||
| amach | amach /mˠ/ | |||||
| measkeen | measc /mʲ/ | |||||
| soumissive | Compare English submissive /bm/ | |||||
| <n> | n | naame | name /n/ | |||
| greoun | ground /nd/ | |||||
| drine | drynge /ng/ | |||||
| nitheen | knyttynge /kn/ | |||||
| nuggeen | naigín /n̪ˠ.nʲ/ | |||||
| nowd | cnúdán /kn/ | |||||
| shraanes | sreang /ŋɡ/ | |||||
| harnothes | Compare English hognut, /g/ was lost in <gn>. | |||||
| <p> | p | Peether | Beedher | Peter /p/ | unaspirated [p] | |
| graapish | graabache | garbage /b/ | ||||
| poage | póg /pˠ/ | |||||
| peacawn | péacán /pʲ/ | |||||
| <q> | k | quiel | ghiel | unaspirated [k] | ||
| Qougeely | Compare English Cagley /k/ | |||||
| <r> | ɾ | ee-runt | ee-rent | i-rent /r/ | /ɾʊn/≈/ɾɛn/ | |
| rebine | rubbynge /r/ | /ɾɛb/≈/ɾʊb/ | ||||
| rocke | wrek /wr/ | |||||
| hearesth | hervest /rv/ | |||||
| baarich | barlich | barlich /l/ | L-colored <r> | |||
| booraan | bodhrán /ɾˠ/ | |||||
| Parick | Compare Manx Parick /ɾ/ | |||||
| niztrols | nizterels | There is a minor stop in /t.r/ and /d.r/. | ||||
| hindreth | hundereth | |||||
| <s> | z | daies | daiez | dayes /s/ | ||
| laas | lawes /s/ | compare belooze /-lɔːz/ (bellows) | ||||
| chems | chippes /s/ | |||||
| zins | sonnes /s/ | |||||
| baagchoosee | baakoozee | |||||
| s | laase | laace | lase /s/ | /lɔːs/ not /lɔːz/ | ||
| lhose | lass | les /s/ | ||||
| valse | faulss | fals /s/ | ||||
| coshes | coshe | conscience /s/ | ||||
| faulsa | falsa /sˠ/ | |||||
| prasaugh | prassaugh | prásach /sˠ/ | ||||
| saalvache | zalavache | salach /sˠ/ | Although with Z-variant, initial s- is faithfully /s/, compare prasaugh & prassaugh. | |||
| usquebaugh | uisce beatha /ʃ/ | |||||
| <t> | t | tell | del | til /t/ | unaspirated [t] | |
| maate | maade | made /d/ | ||||
| trugh | draugh | thrugh /θ/ | ||||
| eart | eard | earþe /ð/ | ||||
| t͡ʃ | naatur | natur /ti/ | /i/ merged with preceeding /t/, and /u̯/ was lengthed to /uː/. | |||
| tusedei | tiwesday /ti/ | |||||
| ʃ | portion | porcioun /sj/ | Compare fashoon (from facioun) | |||
| <v> | v | vaaper | vapour /v/ | |||
| vish | wisshen /w/ | |||||
| vifteen | fiftene /f/ | |||||
| livertie | liberte /b/ | |||||
| vrieste | priesth | prest /p/ | ||||
| brover | brother /ð/ | |||||
| sleeveen | slíbhín /vʲ/ | |||||
| a voorneen | amhúirnín /vʲ/ | |||||
| varreen | fearann /fʲ/ | |||||
| <w> | w | wut | wit /w/ | |||
| wyer | vier | veir /v/ | ||||
| brower | brother /ð/ | |||||
| Kerwaane | Ciardhubháin /w/ | |||||
| kwingokee | cuinneog / / | |||||
| <u> | w | quo | quoth /w/ | |||
| quingokee | kwingokee | cuinneog / / | ||||
| kuingokee | ||||||
| khuingoke | ||||||
| <x> | ks | vox | fox /ks/ | |||
| <y> | j | yith | yif /j/ | |||
| <z> | z | howze | houze /z/ | |||
| blaze | blase /z/ | |||||
| mizen | myxen /ks/ | |||||
| baakooze | bácús /s/ |
Two-letters Consonants[edit]
| Vowels | IPA | Yola | Variant | MiddleEnglish | Irish | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <bb> | b | gaubbach | caboche /b/ | |||
| bibber | biveren /v/ | |||||
| <bh> | b | bhlock | blaak | blak /b/ | A "lenition" borrowed from Irish <bh> /w/~/v/ | |
| <ch> | t͡ʃ | mycheare | mitcheare | mycher /t͡ʃ/ | ||
| graabache | garbage /d͡ʒ/ | |||||
| k | buch | bukke /k/ | ||||
| malaunchly | malencolie /k/ | |||||
| huch | huck | |||||
| *clouch | clouk klouk | cloch /x/ | ||||
| / | nich | nighe /x/ | ||||
| *sach | saaughe | sách /x/ | ||||
| <ck> | k | bhlock | blaak | blak /k/ | ||
| slouck | slugge /g/ | unaspirated [k] | ||||
| knockane | knagane | cnocán /k/ | ||||
| carrick | carraig /ɟ/ (Munster) | |||||
| <dd> | d | scuddeen | Compare English scudding /d/ | |||
| smaddereen | smattrynge /t/ | |||||
| <dh> | d | dhew | dew /d/ | A "lenition" borrowed from Irish <dh> /ɣ/~/ʝ/~/ /, compare also Irish English omadhaun /d/. Despite its spelling, <dh> is never /ð/, /ð/ only exists in th. | ||
| pidh | pideff pit | putten /t/ | ||||
| dhunder | dunder | thonder /θ/ | ||||
| nodhing | nothyng /θ/ | |||||
| nordh | north /θ/ | |||||
| gidhaan | geadán /d̪ˠ/ | |||||
| <ff> | ɸ | doff | daf | doffen /f/ | ||
| pideff | putteth /θ/ | |||||
| <fh> | ɸ | fhyne | fyn /f/ | A "lenition" borrowed from Irish <fh> / / | ||
| fho | fo vo | who /ʍ/ | ||||
| <ge> | d͡ʒ | burge | brugge /d͡ʒ/ | |||
| ɡ | plaauge | plage /g(ə)/ | ||||
| poage | poag | póg /g/ | ||||
| <gg> | ɡ | craggès | cragges /g/ | |||
| noggeen | naigín /ɟ/ | |||||
| <gh> | ɡ | ghurteare | gurteare | garter /g/ | A "lenition" borrowed from Irish <gh> /ɣ/~/ / | |
| maghogès | maggota | magot /g/ | ||||
| brough | brocke | breoken /k/ | ||||
| dhoaugh | doaug | dough /x/ | /x/ after /ɔu̯/ was fortified to /g/ | |||
| paugh | poag paug | póg /g/ | ||||
| knough | knock knagane | cnoc /k/ | ||||
| boagher | bóthar /h/ | |||||
| / | heigh | hie hia | heigh /x/ | Like English, etymological <-gh> is silent after /iː/, /uː/. | ||
| pleough | plowe plou | plough /x/ | ||||
| parshagh | passyf /f/ | /f/ was lost after frictive /t͡ʃ/, /ʃ/, /s/. | ||||
| pussough | pursyf /f/ | |||||
| chugh | chuffe /f/ | |||||
| wough | wu | wue | The silent <-gh> is a writing habit in Yola. | |||
| draugh | drowe | thrawen | ||||
| managh | meana | |||||
| usquebaugh | uisce beatha /h/ | -baugh /-ˈbɔː/ not -baugha /-bɔːˈgiː/, /h/ became silent when preceding /a/→/ɔː/ | ||||
| milagh | meelough | míleach /x/ | Munster /-əx/ vs Ulster /-a(x)/ vs Yola /-ɔː/ | |||
| <gn> | n | gnafeen | gnaȝen /gn/ | |||
| <gt> | kt | lhygt | ligt /kt/ | |||
| <jh> | d͡ʒ | jhimes | jimes | A "lenition" based on <j> /d͡ʒ/ | ||
| <kh> | k | khyne | keene | kyne /k/ | A "lenition" based on <k> /k/ | |
| khoal | coale | cold /k/ | ||||
| baakhooses | baakooze | bácús /k/ | ||||
| <kk> | k | pikkès | pick | pikke /k/ | ||
| <kn> | n | knouth | nouth | knowen /kn/ | ||
| kneen | kne /kn/ | To sound /k/, insert a silent <o>, as in konnee. | ||||
| knaughaan | o'noghanes | cnocán /kn̪/ | ||||
| <lh> | l | lhawn | lowem | lomb /l/ | A "lenition" based on <l> /l/ | |
| lhug | lug | log /l̪ˠ/ | ||||
| ɫh | aalhouse | alehous /l.h/ | ||||
| <ll> | l | lloan | lone | lond /l/ | ||
| llean | léan /lʲ/ | |||||
| ɫ | mell | mellen /l/ | ||||
| <mh> | m | mhyne | myne | mayn /m/ | A "lenition" borrowed from Irish <mh> /w/~/v/ | |
| <mm> | m | zimmer | sumer /m/ | |||
| ammache | amach | amach /mˠ/ | ||||
| <ng> | n | ing | in | in /n/ | ||
| bringawn | brine | bryne /n/ | <-ng> equals <-ne> | |||
| zung | zunge /ng/ | |||||
| khuingoke | cuinneóg /nʲ/ | |||||
| ŋɡ | vinger | fynger [ŋg] | ||||
| fungerlagh | mungarlach [ŋg] | |||||
| swingale | Compare English swindle /nd/ | |||||
| <nn> | n | konnee | kne /n/ | |||
| coolecannan | cál ceannann /n̪ˠ/ | |||||
| <ph> | ɸ | phen | fan | whenne /ʍ/ | ||
| <pp> | p | pipper | peper /p/ | |||
| kippeens | cipín /p/ | |||||
| <rh> | ɾ | rhyme | reem | reme /r/ | A "lenition" based on <r> /ɾ/ | |
| <rr> | ɾ | *varrer | valler | farrer /r/ | ||
| varreen | fearann /ɾˠ/ | |||||
| sarree | Compare English sirree /səˈɹiː/ vs /saˈɾiː/ | |||||
| <sc> | sk | scoth | scurte /sk/ | |||
| Scalaane | Scealláin /ʃc/ | |||||
| <sh> | ʃ | bushe | bush /ʃ/ | |||
| barish | barich | barlich /t͡ʃ/ | ||||
| graapish | graabache | garbage /d͡ʒ/ | ||||
| threesh | trace /s/ | |||||
| fash | fas /s/ | |||||
| tyshe | tesen /z/ | |||||
| fashoon | facioun /sj/ | |||||
| beteesh | beteesk | bitwixe /ks/ | ||||
| shud | siúd /ʃ/ | |||||
| bash | bas /sˠ/ | |||||
| <sk> | sk | skoorth | scurte /sk/ | |||
| betweesk | bitwixe /ks/ | |||||
| muskawn | meascán /sˠk/ | |||||
| <sp> | sp | speen | spenden /sp/ | |||
| gosp | gossippe /s.p/ | |||||
| <ss> | s | ess | asse /s/ | |||
| goss | gors /rs/ | |||||
| pussough | pursyf /rs/ | |||||
| <st> | st | *Crest | Cresst | Crist /st/ | ||
| ayenst | ayenes /s/ | |||||
| ʃ | fausteen fousteen | fash + een | fasynge /s/ | Similar to English fasten /s/ | ||
| <th> | t | thaaste | taaste tawest | taste /t/ | A "lenition" borrowed from Irish th /h~ç/ | |
| zathardei | zatherdei | zeterday /t/ | ||||
| Thieg | Tadhg /t̪ˠ/ | |||||
| Dearmoth | Diarmaid /dʲ/ | |||||
| Weisforthe | Weiseforde | |||||
| Forth | Rhymes with comfoort | |||||
| θ | eeth | eeefe | ethe /θ/ | |||
| yith | if | yif /f/ | ||||
| thif | siflen /s/ | |||||
| thrashaal | dhrashel | Compare English thrashel & dreshel | ||||
| ð | that | th' y'at at | that /ð/ | |||
| agyther | aulaveer | |||||
| smithered | smiodar /d/ | Compare English smithereens /ð/ | ||||
| / | goeth | goe | gon | Verbal <-th> is silent after /ɔ:/ | ||
| *quoth | quo co | quoth /θ/ | ||||
| *raythe | raaye | rathe /ð/ | /-ð/ was lost after /iː/, /uː/ | |||
| *smooth | smoo | smothe /ð/ | ||||
| butheraan | booraan | bodhrán / / | Can be seen as early /buːðˈɾɔːn/, then /ð/ was dropped after /uː/. If spelled *budheraan, it would remain /buːdˈɾɔːn/. | |||
| scoth | scoth /(h)/ | <-th> is silent after /ɔ:/ | ||||
| <tt> | t | butteree | buttry /t/ | |||
| <wh> | w | which | wich | which /ʍ/ | ||
| w'had | w'ad waad | |||||
| <zh> | ʒ | zhip | ship /ʃ/ | Compare Irish slender <z> /ʒ/ | ||
| <zp> | zb | zpeen | spenden /sp/ | |||
| gozp | godzibbe /z.b/ | |||||
| <zt> | zd | ztaared | stared /st/ | |||
| nizterels | nosethirl /s.θ/ | |||||
| gazt | gased /z.d/ | |||||
| <zz> | z | vezzeen | vezeeen | Compare English fizzing /z/ |
Three-letters Consonants[edit]
| Vowels | IPA | Yola | Variant | MiddleEnglish | Irish | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <cht> | t | reicht | reights | right /xt/ | ||
| t͡ʃt | surchte | serche /tʃ/ | ||||
| <ckk> | k | pickkès | pikkès | pikkes /k/ | ||
| <ckt> | kt | knockt | knokked /k.d/ | |||
| <ddh> | d | giddhawn | gidhaan | geadán /d̪ˠ/ | ||
| <dge> | d͡ʒ | bidge | biggen /d͡ʒ/ | |||
| <dth> | t | aferdth | afear'd | afered /d/ | A "lenition" developed from Irish dt /d̪ˠ/, /dʲ/ | |
| godth | got | got /t/ | ||||
| noardth | nordh | north /θ/ | ||||
| <gch> | k | baagchoosee | baakoosee | A "lenition" developed from Irish <gc> /g/, /ɟ/ | ||
| <ght> | t | eight | at ayth | eten /t/ | ||
| <gkh> | k | teigkh | teight | teiȝte /xt/ | ||
| <gkt> | kt | bougkt | iboukt /kt/ | |||
| thaugkt | thogt /kt/ | |||||
| <gue> | ɡ | plaague | plage /g/ | |||
| brogue | brough | bróg /g/ | ||||
| <llh> | l | Wyllhaume | Willyaam Wilyame | Willame /l/ | A "lenition" based on <ll> /l/ | |
| <que> | k | usquebaugh | uisce beatha /c/ | |||
| <sch> | sk | scholleare | scholer /sk/ | |||
| schoolune | sciúlán /ʃc/ | |||||
| <shp> | ʃp | reeshp | rieshp rishp | rispen /sp/ | ||
| <sht> | ʃt | neeshte | neste /st/ | |||
| Mushtoun | Compare English Muchtown /t͡ʃt/ | |||||
| <sst> | st | Cresst | Crist /st/ | |||
| <sth> | st | kisth | *kessed | kiste /st/ | A "lenition" based on <st> /st/ | |
| vrosth | vrast | vrost /st/ | ||||
| dansth | danced /s.d/ | |||||
| stholk | stalket | stalken /st/ | ||||
| ʃ | fousthen | fash + -een | fasynge /s/ | Similar to English fasten /s/ | ||
| <tch> | t͡ʃ | kotch | cacchen /t͡ʃ/ |
Four-letters Consonants[edit]
| Vowels | IPA | Yola | Variant | MiddleEnglish | Irish | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <ckht> | kt | nickht | knicht /xt/ | |||
| <ghth> | t | eighthest | etest /t/ | A "lenition" based on <ght> /t/ | ||
| <thth> | t | buththere | butter /t/ | A "lenition" based on tt /t/ |
Rhyme Examination[edit]
The lines of these Yola poems rhyme at the end.
A YOLA ZONG.[edit]
Well, gosp, c'hull be zeid; mot thee fartoo, an fade; /ɔːd/
Ha deight ouse var gabble, tell ee zin go t'glade. [homophone glaude] /ɔːd/
Yith Muzleare had ba hole, t'was mee Tommeen, /iːn/
At by mizluck was ee-pit t'drive in. /iːn/
Zitch blakeen, an blayeen, fan ee ball was ee-drowe! /uː/
Chote well aar aim was t’yie ouz n’eer a blowe. /uː/
Yith w'had any lhuck, oor naame wode b' zung, /uːn/
Vrem ee Choure here aloghe up to Cargun. /uːn/
Zim dellen harnothès w'aar nize ee reed cley: /iː/
More trolleen, an yalpeen, an moulteen away. /iː/
Up caame ee ball, an a dap or a kewe, /uː/
Wode zar; mot, all arkagh var ee barnaugh-blowe, /uː/
THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE.[edit]
Aar was a gooude puddeen maate o bran; /ɔːn/
Aar was pizzeen, an beanès, an barich amang. /ɔːn/
Aar was Thieg, an' Joane, an lhaung Jauane, /ɔːn/
An a priesth o' parieshe on his lhaung-tyel garraane. /ɔːn/
Aar was Parick o Dearmoth, an dhen score besidh, /iːd/
Wee aar lhaung vlealès an pikkès, to waaite apan a breede. /iːd/
An a priesth o parieshe on his garrane baun, /ɔːn/
Hea marreet dear Phielim to his sweet Jauane. /ɔːn/
Aar was lhaung kaayle an nettles, ee-mixt wee prasaugh buee, /iː/
Maade a nicest coolecannan that e'er ye did zee. /iː/
Aar was a muskawn o buthther ee-laaide apan hoat shruaanès, /ɔːns/
An gooude usquebaugh ee-sarith uth in cooanès. /ɔːns/
Raree met in plathearès, ee-zet in a rooe, /uː/
An neeat wooden trenshoorès var whiter than snow. /uː/
Zoo wough aul vell a-danceen; earch bye gae a poage /ɔːg/
To his sweethearth, an smack lick a dab of a brough. /ɔːg/
Zoo wough kisth, an wough parthet; earch man took his laave; /iːv/
An a boor lithel breedegroom waithed wonderfullee griefte. /iːɸt/
Zoo wough aul returnth hime, contented an gaay, /iː/
To our pleoughès an mulk-pylès till a neeshte holy die. /iː/
VERSES IN ANSWER TO THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE.[edit]
[Wee] vaate apan vaate a met-borde was ee-halt. /aɫt/
Tibbès an crockès wee drink war ee-felt. /ɛɫt/
Amang wefty jhemes, 'cha jeist ee-rid apan. [vr. apaa] /ɔːn/
A laafe ing lemethes chote wel ta ba zang. /ɔːn/
Ayenst zim vartful ropeare at a rumcht ouse avar /ɔː/
Ingsaury neileare (pidh?) his niz outh o' harr. /ɔː/
Heal, griue, an kin, apaa thee, graacuse Forth, /ɸɔːt/
Mye thee friend ne’re waant welcome, nor straayart comfoort. /ɸɔːt/
Risheenearès! Leth aam gaame wee aar barish-amang, /ɔːn/
At ye mye ne'er be wooveless ta vill a lear jock an cooan. /ɔːn/
CASTEALE CUDDE'S LAMENTATION[edit]
Ye nyporès aul, come hark to mee, /iː/
Faade ee-happen'd mee lauthest GooudeVreedie, /iː/
As ich waant draugh Bloomere's Knough, /ɔːg/
Ich zide [a] vethers o' mee cuck, /ʊk/
Aar was nodhing ee-left mot a heade, /iːd/
Which maate mee hearth as coale as leed, /iːd/
'Cham afear'd ich mosth cress a Shanaan, /anɔːn/
An lea a pariesh o Kilmannan. /anɔːn/
Zimaan Haay is a wicked man, /an/
Hea pryet ich mought na ha chicke or hen, /ɛn/
Mizluck mye lhygt on Tam Busheare /iː/
Hea zed mee cuck vlew in a aare /iː/
ABOUT AN OLD SOW GOING TO BE KILLED.[edit]
Ich aam a vat hog it's drue. Aar is ken apan aam. /ɔːm/
Gooude var nat oan dhing, niether treesh ar thraame [vr. thraume] /ɔːm/
Na speen to be multh, nar flaase to be shaure. /ɔː/
Vear'd nodhing mot Portheare, Na skeine e'er ee-waare. /ɔː/
A plaauge apan Portheare! Hea'de luther me waal, /ɔːɫ/
Beteesh a kraaneberry-bushe an a ellena-ghou. /uː/
Song.[edit]
Aar was a clouk /ɔːk/
Eee-marreet a slouck. /uːk/
Shoo zent him o' die. /hiː.mɔː.diː/
To maake a kuingokee. /kwiː.nɔː.kiː/
A vursth stroke hea strooke. /uːk/
A bothom vele udh. /uːd/
Duggès an kauddès coome lick up a rhyme, /ɾiːm/
Hea took up a lounnick, an knockt udh aar bryne. /ɾiːn/
Shoo zent him anoor die a gozleen to keep. /iːp/
Hea shet his heade in a bushe, an vele aslepe. /iːp/
A scalte croowe coome an taak aam awye, /iː/
An hea zet up a pouingaan an a cry. /iː/
ZONG OF TWI MAARKEET MOANS.[edit]
Themost wi egges an heimost wi thick, /tɪk/
Fan a truckle ee zhoulthered too nigh upa ditch. /dɪt͡ʃ/
Shu ztaared an shu ztudied hi near parshagh moan, /mɔːn/
Shu ztaared, clappu her baashes an up wi punaan, /nɔːn/
Zien, a blaak vall, a blaak vall, Ich meigh vella knew, /uː/
Van a vierd durst a bargher an a haar galshied too, /uː/
In durk Ich red virst mee left-vooted shoe. /uː/
"Swingale," co the umost, "thou liest well a rent, /ɛnt/
A big daal a masled, slavaak an a kernt. /iːnt/
ZONG O DHREE YOLA MYTHENS.[edit]
Wu canna gow to Ilone vaar, /iː/
Thaar's no own aal to taak uz thaar [vr. thoare] /ɔː/
Or i a vaarin gees a shaar, /ɔː/
YOLA ZONG O BARONY VORTH.[edit]
Billeen Scalaane an hys yola moan, /ɔːn/
Thaay heighed upa Buckeen twi hours avar dawn, /ɔːn/
"Faad thay goul ez upa thee, thou stouk" co Billeen, /iːn/
"If thou dinna gow on, chul daf thee yola skien." /iːn/
Co Sooney, "Billeen dowst thee zee faads lewer, /iː/
Aal haar, an wi eyen lik torches o tar? /ɔː/
PAUDEEN FOUGHLAAN'S WEDDEEN.[edit]
Yola Vather Deruse hay raree cam thoare, /ɔː/
Wi buke an wi candale hay tackled a paare. /iː/
"Gud bless thee mee gurles," hay zaid, "own an aal." /ɔːɫ/
An Paudeen hay ga her a mighty smugal. /ɔːɫ/
Thar was bacoon and gubbages, breed and kippeens, /iːnz/
An potteen galore in cans and noggens, /iːnz/
A vidler hay shudled wi hade to a vall /aɫ/
An smithered hays videl, bow, strings an al; /aɫ/