肝

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肝 U+809D, 肝
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-809D
← 肜
[U+809C] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 肞 →
[U+809E]

Translingual

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Stroke order
7 strokes

Han character

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肝 (Kangxi radical 130, 肉+3, 7 strokes, cangjie input 月一十 (BMJ), four-corner 71240, composition ⿰月干(GJKV) or ⿰⺼干(HT))

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 974, character 9
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29273
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1425, character 31
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2044, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+809D

Chinese

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trad. 肝
simp. # 肝

Glyph origin

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Characters in the same phonetic series (干) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
訐 *krads, *krads, *ked, *kad
肝 *kaːn
竿 *kaːn
干 *kaːn
奸 *kaːn
玕 *kaːn
汗 *kaːn, *ɡaːn, *ɡaːns
迀 *kaːn
忓 *kaːn, *ɡaːns
鳱 *kaːn
邗 *kaːn, *ɡaːn
秆 *kaːnʔ
矸 *kaːnʔ, *kaːns, *ɡaːns
仠 *kaːnʔ
皯 *kaːnʔ
衦 *kaːnʔ
簳 *kaːnʔ
擀 *kaːnʔ
旰 *kaːns
盰 *kaːns
幹 *kaːns
杆 *kaːns
骭 *kaːns, *ɡraːns
桿 *kaːnʔ
趕 *kaːnʔ
稈 *kaːnʔ
刊 *kʰaːn
靬 *kʰaːn, *kʰaːns, *kreːn, *kan
衎 *kʰaːnʔ, *kʰaːns
犴 *ŋaːn, *ŋaːns
豻 *ŋaːn, *ŋaːns, *ɦŋaːns, *ŋ̊ʰraːn
頇 *ŋaːns, *hŋaːn, *ŋaːd
岸 *ŋɡaːns
鼾 *qʰaːn, *ɢaːns
罕 *qʰaːnʔ, *qʰaːns
焊 *qʰaːnʔ, *ɡaːns
蔊 *qʰaːnʔ
虷 *ɡaːn
旱 *ɡaːnʔ
皔 *ɡaːnʔ
釬 *ɡaːns
扞 *ɡaːns
閈 *ɡaːns
馯 *ɡaːns, *kʰraːn
捍 *ɡaːns, *ɡraːnʔ
悍 *ɡaːns
銲 *ɡaːns
垾 *ɡaːns
駻 *ɡaːns
睅 *ɡʷranʔ
娨 *ɡraːns
飦 *kan
赶 *ɡan, *ɡʷad
軒 *qʰan
蓒 *qʰan
酐 *qʰaːŋʔ
澣 *ɡʷaːnʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaːn) : semantic ⺼ (“flesh”) + phonetic 干 (OC *kaːn) – a body part.

Etymology

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Probably from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-ka-(n/m/ŋ) (“bitter; salty; bile; liver”), in which case it would be related to 苦 (OC *kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs, “bitter”); also compare Proto-Bodo-Garo *bi-ka (“liver”), whence Bodo (India) [script needed] (bi-ka, “liver”), Garo bika (“liver”).

Alternatively, Schuessler (2007) compares it with Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-kal ~ *s-gal (“lower back; kidney”), whence Tibetan མཁལ་མ (mkhal ma, “kidney”), Mizo kal (“kidney”), Chepang गल् (“kidney”), Burmese ခါး (hka:, “waist”).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • koaⁿ - vernacular;
  • kan - literary.
Rime
Character 肝
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 寒 (61)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 古寒切
Baxter kan
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kɑn/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kɑn/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kɑn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kan/
Li
Rong 		/kɑn/
Wang
Li 		/kɑn/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/kɑn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		gān
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gon1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 肝
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		gān
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kan ›
Old
Chinese 		/*s.kˁa[r]/
English liver

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 肝
Reading # 1/1
No. 3568
Phonetic
component 		干
Rime
group 		元
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		干
Old
Chinese 		/*kaːn/

Definitions

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肝

  1. liver (Classifier: 葉／叶; 個／个)
    我不吃肚也不吃肝。 [MSC, trad. and simp.]
    Wǒ bù chī dǔ yě bù chī gān. [Pinyin]
    I don't eat tripe or liver.
    身體的大部分膽固醇是在肝和腸內由消化的食物製成的。 [MSC, trad.]
    身体的大部分胆固醇是在肝和肠内由消化的食物制成的。 [MSC, simp.]
    Shēntǐ de dàbùfēn dǎngùchún shì zài gān hé cháng nèi yóu xiāohuà de shíwù zhì chéng de. [Pinyin]
    Most of the body's cholesterol is made in the liver and intestine from digested food.
  2. (figurative) mind; thoughts
  3. (video games, neologism) to grind; to repeat a task day and night, which may exhaust the liver, in order to achieve a specific goal
    這遊戲很吸引人，但我實在肝不動了。它太肝了。 [MSC, trad.]
    这游戏很吸引人，但我实在肝不动了。它太肝了。 [MSC, simp.]
    Zhè yóuxì hěn xīyǐn rén, dàn wǒ shízài gān bù dòng le. Tā tài gān le. [Pinyin]
    This game is attractive, but I really can't grind anymore. It's too grindy.
  4. (video games, neologism) grindy

Compounds

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Japanese

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Kanji

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肝

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
肝
きも
Grade: S
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
胆

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE with the spelling 岐毛.[1] In turn, from Proto-Japonic *kimo. Cognate with Okinawan 肝 (chimu, “liver, heart”).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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肝(きも) • (kimo) 

  1. the liver
    • 794, Shin'yaku Kegonkyō Ongi Shiki:
      心腎肝脯 心人情也 腎音神 訓牟良斗 肝音干 訓岐毛
      Heart, kidney, liver, breast. Heart is a person's feelings. The readings of "kidney" in Chinese is zin, and in Japanese, it is called murato. The readings of "liver" in Japanese is kan, and in Japanese, it is called kimo.
  2. innards
  3. (figuratively) important part

References

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Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
肝
かん
Grade: S
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 肝 (MC kan).

Pronunciation

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Affix

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肝(かん) • (kan) 

  1. liver
  2. (figuratively) essential thing; important thing
  3. (figuratively) courage; spirit

Noun

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肝(かん) • (kan) 

  1. liver
  2. (obsolete, figuratively) heart; spirit

Derived terms

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References

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  1. ^ Omodaka, Hisataka (1967) 時代別国語大辞典 上代編 [The dictionary of historical Japanese: Old Japanese] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN, pages 246-247
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 肝 (MC kan). Recorded as Middle Korean 간 (kan) (Yale: kan) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Pronunciation

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  • (in 肝氣 and 肝腸):
  • (liver):
    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ka̠(ː)n]
    • Phonetic hangul: [간(ː)]
      • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

肝 (eumhun 간 간 (gan gan))

  1. Hanja form? of 간 (“liver”).

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Okinawan

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Kanji

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肝

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings

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Etymology

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Kanji in this term
肝
ちむ
Grade: S
kun’yomi

From Proto-Ryukyuan, from Proto-Japonic *kimo.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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肝(ちむ) (chimu) 

  1. the liver
  2. heart; spirit

Derived terms

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Derived terms

References

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Vietnamese

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Han character

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肝: Hán Nôm readings: can, gan

  1. chữ Hán form of can (“liver”).
  2. Nôm form of gan (“liver”).
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