겹다
Korean[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ˈkjɘ(ː)p̚t͈a̠]
- Phonetic hangul: [겹(ː)따]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
| Romanizations | |
|---|---|
| Revised Romanization? | gyeopda |
| Revised Romanization (translit.)? | gyeobda |
| McCune–Reischauer? | kyŏpta |
| Yale Romanization? | kyēpta |
Etymology 1[edit]
First attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 계우다 (Yale: kyeyGwuta), a transitive verb meaning "to lose to; to be defeated by; to fail to overcome". The verb has the shape of a -Gwu- causative, but the putative etymon, 계다 (Yale: kyeyta, “to pass (of time)”), is not clearly semantically connected.
In the late fifteenth century, Middle Korean /β/ lenited to /w/, which created a series of Korean verb stems which irregularly alternated between coda /-p/ and /-w/. At some later point, kyey(G)wu- was mistakenly reanalyzed as being such an irregular stem instead of a regular /u~w/-final stem, resulting in the modern /-p/ stem. As for the vowel shift, it is likely that with the loss of the Middle Korean consonant G, the stem kyey.wu- was reanalyzed as kye.ywu- after which the second vowel simplified, creating the modern form. Both sound shifts are first widely attested in the eighteenth century. The verb apparently adjectivalized at around the same time, when the object was reanalyzed as the subject of the inflecting stem.[1]
Adjective[edit]
겹다 • (gyeopda) (irregular, infinitive 겨워, sequential 겨우니)
- (of task, situation, etc.) to be too much (for someone); to be excessive; to be beyond one's capacity
- (of a person) to be overwhelmed (with emotion); to be beyond restraint; to be uncontrollable
Conjugation[edit]
| Sentence-final forms | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal non-polite (해라체) |
Informal non-polite (해체) |
Informal polite (해요체) |
Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 겹다 gyeopda |
겨워 gyeowo |
겨워요 gyeowoyo |
겹습니다 gyeopseumnida |
| Past | 겨웠다 gyeowotda |
겨웠어 gyeowosseo |
겨웠어요 gyeowosseoyo |
겨웠습니다 gyeowotseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 겨우냐 gyeounya |
겨워 gyeowo |
겨워요 gyeowoyo |
겹습니까 gyeopseumnikka |
| Past | 겨웠냐 gyeowonnya |
겨웠어 gyeowosseo |
겨웠어요 gyeowosseoyo |
겨웠습니까 gyeowotseumnikka | |
| Assertive | 겹겠다 gyeopgetda |
겹겠어 gyeopgesseo |
겹겠어요 gyeopgesseoyo |
겹겠습니다 gyeopgetseumnida | |
| Connective forms | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 겨워 gyeowo |
겨워서 gyeowoseo |
겨우니 gyeouni |
겨우니까 gyeounikka | |
| Contrast | 겹지만 gyeopjiman |
겨운데 gyeounde |
겹더니 gyeopdeoni |
||
| Conjunction | 겹고 gyeopgo |
||||
| Condition | 겨우면 gyeoumyeon |
겨워야 gyeowoya |
|||
| Noun and determiner forms | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 겨움 gyeoum |
겹기 gyeopgi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 겨웠음 gyeowosseum |
겨웠기 gyeowotgi | |||
| Determiners | Present | 겨운 gyeoun | |||
| Future | 겨울 gyeoul | ||||
| Sentence-final forms with honorific | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plain (해라체) | Informal (해체) | Polite (해요체) | Formal (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 겨우시다 gyeousida |
겨우셔 gyeousyeo |
겨우세요, 겨우셔요 gyeouseyo, gyeousyeoyo |
겨우십니다 gyeousimnida |
| Past | 겨우셨다 gyeousyeotda |
겨우셨어 gyeousyeosseo |
겨우셨어요 gyeousyeosseoyo |
겨우셨습니다 gyeousyeotseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 겨우시냐 gyeousinya |
겨우셔 gyeousyeo |
겨우세요, 겨우셔요 gyeouseyo, gyeousyeoyo |
겨우십니까 gyeousimnikka |
| Past | 겨우셨냐 gyeousyeonnya |
겨우셨어 gyeousyeosseo |
겨우셨어요 gyeousyeosseoyo |
겨우셨습니까 gyeousyeotseumnikka | |
| Assertive | 겨우시겠다 gyeousigetda |
겨우시겠어 gyeousigesseo |
겨우시겠어요 gyeousigesseoyo |
겨우시겠습니다 gyeousigetseumnida | |
| Connective forms with honorific | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 겨우셔 gyeousyeo |
겨우셔서 gyeousyeoseo |
겨우시니 gyeousini |
겨우시니까 gyeousinikka | |
| Contrast | 겨우시지만 gyeousijiman |
겨우신데 gyeousinde |
겨우시더니 gyeousideoni |
||
| Conjunction | 겨우시고 gyeousigo |
||||
| Condition | 겨우시면 gyeousimyeon |
겨우셔야 gyeousyeoya |
|||
| Noun and determiner forms with honorific | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 겨우심 gyeousim |
겨우시기 gyeousigi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 겨우셨음 gyeousyeosseum |
겨우셨기 gyeousyeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Present | 겨우신 gyeousin | |||
| Future | 겨우실 gyeousil | ||||
Derived terms[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ 이동석 [idongseok] (2005) “중세국어 용언 '계오다/계우다'의 통시적 변화 [jungsegugeo yong'eon gye'oda/gyeuda ui tongsijeok byeonhwa, Diachronic change in the Middle Korean inflecting stem kyeyGwo-ta/kyeyGwu-ta]”, in Minjok munhwa yeon'gu (in Korean), volume 42, pages 1—39
Etymology 2[edit]
Presumably from Middle Korean 계다 (kyeyta, “to pass (of time)”), but appears to have merged phonologically and grammatically with the "to be excessive" adjective above, becoming an adjective and undergoing highly irregular sound shifts.
Adjective[edit]
겹다 • (gyeopda) (irregular, infinitive 겨워, sequential 겨우니)
Conjugation[edit]
| Sentence-final forms | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal non-polite (해라체) |
Informal non-polite (해체) |
Informal polite (해요체) |
Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 겹다 gyeopda |
겨워 gyeowo |
겨워요 gyeowoyo |
겹습니다 gyeopseumnida |
| Past | 겨웠다 gyeowotda |
겨웠어 gyeowosseo |
겨웠어요 gyeowosseoyo |
겨웠습니다 gyeowotseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 겨우냐 gyeounya |
겨워 gyeowo |
겨워요 gyeowoyo |
겹습니까 gyeopseumnikka |
| Past | 겨웠냐 gyeowonnya |
겨웠어 gyeowosseo |
겨웠어요 gyeowosseoyo |
겨웠습니까 gyeowotseumnikka | |
| Assertive | 겹겠다 gyeopgetda |
겹겠어 gyeopgesseo |
겹겠어요 gyeopgesseoyo |
겹겠습니다 gyeopgetseumnida | |
| Connective forms | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 겨워 gyeowo |
겨워서 gyeowoseo |
겨우니 gyeouni |
겨우니까 gyeounikka | |
| Contrast | 겹지만 gyeopjiman |
겨운데 gyeounde |
겹더니 gyeopdeoni |
||
| Conjunction | 겹고 gyeopgo |
||||
| Condition | 겨우면 gyeoumyeon |
겨워야 gyeowoya |
|||
| Noun and determiner forms | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 겨움 gyeoum |
겹기 gyeopgi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 겨웠음 gyeowosseum |
겨웠기 gyeowotgi | |||
| Determiners | Present | 겨운 gyeoun | |||
| Future | 겨울 gyeoul | ||||
| Sentence-final forms with honorific | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plain (해라체) | Informal (해체) | Polite (해요체) | Formal (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 겨우시다 gyeousida |
겨우셔 gyeousyeo |
겨우세요, 겨우셔요 gyeouseyo, gyeousyeoyo |
겨우십니다 gyeousimnida |
| Past | 겨우셨다 gyeousyeotda |
겨우셨어 gyeousyeosseo |
겨우셨어요 gyeousyeosseoyo |
겨우셨습니다 gyeousyeotseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 겨우시냐 gyeousinya |
겨우셔 gyeousyeo |
겨우세요, 겨우셔요 gyeouseyo, gyeousyeoyo |
겨우십니까 gyeousimnikka |
| Past | 겨우셨냐 gyeousyeonnya |
겨우셨어 gyeousyeosseo |
겨우셨어요 gyeousyeosseoyo |
겨우셨습니까 gyeousyeotseumnikka | |
| Assertive | 겨우시겠다 gyeousigetda |
겨우시겠어 gyeousigesseo |
겨우시겠어요 gyeousigesseoyo |
겨우시겠습니다 gyeousigetseumnida | |
| Connective forms with honorific | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 겨우셔 gyeousyeo |
겨우셔서 gyeousyeoseo |
겨우시니 gyeousini |
겨우시니까 gyeousinikka | |
| Contrast | 겨우시지만 gyeousijiman |
겨우신데 gyeousinde |
겨우시더니 gyeousideoni |
||
| Conjunction | 겨우시고 gyeousigo |
||||
| Condition | 겨우시면 gyeousimyeon |
겨우셔야 gyeousyeoya |
|||
| Noun and determiner forms with honorific | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 겨우심 gyeousim |
겨우시기 gyeousigi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 겨우셨음 gyeousyeosseum |
겨우셨기 gyeousyeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Present | 겨우신 gyeousin | |||
| Future | 겨우실 gyeousil | ||||