계우다

Middle Korean

Etymology

Has the shape of *계다 (*kyey-ta, unknown intransitive verb) + 우 (-Gwu-, causative suffix), but no such relevant verb is attested. The only known verb in Middle Korean with the form 계다 (kyeyta) means "to pass (of time)", which is unlikely to be related.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kjə̀j.ɣú.tá/

Verb

계우〮다〮 (kyèyGwútá) (infinitive 계워〮, sequential 계우〮니〮)

1. (transitive) to lose to; to be defeated by; to fail to overcome

   Antonym: 이긔〮다〮 (ìkúytá, “to win, to defeat”)

   • 1459, 月印釋譜/월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 1:42b:

     그 제ᅀᅡ〮 ᄒᆡ〮 ᄃᆞ〮리〮 처〮ᅀᅥᆷ 나니〮라〮 그 後(후〯)에〮ᅀᅡ〮 외〯니〮 올〮ᄒᆞ니〮 이긔〮니〮 계우〮니〮 홀〮 이〯리〮 나니〮라〮

     kù cèy-zá hóy tól-í chézèm nànílá, kù HWǓ-éy-zá wǒyní wól-hòní ìkúyní kyèyGwúní hwól ǐl-í nànílá

     It was only then that the sun and the moon first came into being. It was only after that that there came to be things of right and wrong, of winning and of losing.

   • 1459, “月印千江之曲其三百六十九/월인천강지곡 기369”, in 月印釋譜/월인석보 [Worin seokbo]:

     波(바)羅(라)門(문)이〮 제 가ᄉᆞᆯ〮 계와〮 太(태)子(ᄌᆞ)ㅅ긔〮 나ᅀᅡ〮 오〮ᅀᆞ〮ᄫᆞ니〮

     PA.LA.MUN-í cèy kàs-ól kyèyGwoá THAY.CO-skúy nàzá wózóWòní

     The brahman could not prevail over his wife, and came before the prince [as his wife had told him to].

   • 1493, “處容歌/처용가”, in 樂學軌範/악학궤범:

     滿(만)頭(두)揷(삽)花(화) 계오샤 기울어신 머리예
     아으 壽(슈)命(며ᇰ)長(댜ᇰ)願(원)ᄒᆞ샤 넙거신 니마해

     MAN.TWU.SAP.HWOA kyeyGwosya kiwulGesin meli-yey
     au SYU.MYENG.TYANG.WON-hosya nepkesin nimah-ay

     By his head which has stooped, unable to overcome [the weight of] the flowers atop his head / O, by his brow, wide by his longevity

Alternative forms

• 계오다 (kyeyGwota)

Descendants

• ⇒ Korean: 겹다 (gyeopda, “to be overcome by; to be excessive”)