Appendix:Finnish enclitic particles

Finnish has a set of enclitic particles. These are particles that serve as clitics – they must be attached to another word and cannot be used on their own. These particles are listed under the category for Finnish clitics.

In Finnish, these particles are used as discourse markers, i.e. they are used in order to express emphasis, subjective views or impressions or, e.g., to give commands a different tone. In everyday speech, these particles may very often be used even if there were no intention to give some special message.

The particles are appended to the ends of the very first words of the clause. Note also that the particle -ko / -kö is mainly used in interrogative sentences.

These particles can also be combined for more specific nuances. These are the most common combinations, most others are rarely used:

• -kohan / -köhän: -ko + -han
• -kos / -kös: -ko + -s
• -pas / -päs: -pa + -s
• -pahan / -pähän: -pa + -han
• (less common than the previous) -hanpa / -hänpä: -han + -pa

The order of endings in nominal forms is: inflectional suffix first, then the possessive suffix and finally the clitic. For verbs likewise, inflectional suffixes come before the clitic.

The enclitics as well as possessive suffixes increase the number of possible inflections of a Finnish word. For example, there are 84 possible combinations of enclitics and possessive suffixes that can be appended to the word autoa (the partitive singular of auto).

autoa	autoahan	autoakaan	autoakin	autoako	autoakinko	autoakinkohan	autoakohan	autoakos	autoapa	autoapahan	autoapas
autoani	autoanihan	autoanikaan	autoanikin	autoaniko	autoanikinko	autoanikinkohan	autoanikohan	autoanikos	autoanipa	autoanipahan	autoanipas
autoasi	autoasihan	autoasikaan	autoasikin	autoasiko	autoasikinko	autoasikinkohan	autoasikohan	autoasikos	autoasipa	autoasipahan	autoasipas
autoaan	autoaanhan	autoaankaan	autoaankin	autoaanko	autoaankinko	autoaankinkohan	autoaankohan	autoaankos	autoaanpa	autoapaanhan	autoaanpas
autoansa	autoansahan	autoansakaan	autoansakin	autoansako	autoansakinko	autoansikinkohan	autoansakohan	autoansakos	autoansapa	autoapansahan	autoansapas
autoamme	autoammehan	autoammekaan	autoammekin	autoammeko	autoammekinko	autoammekinkohan	autoammekohan	autoammekos	autoammepa	autoammepahan	autoammepas
autoanne	autoannehan	autoannekaan	autoannekin	autoanneko	autoannekinko	autoannekinkohan	autoannekohan	autoannekos	autoannepa	autoannepahan	autoannepas