-s

Definition from Wiktionary, a free dictionary

Contents 1 English 1.1 Pronunciation 1.2 Etymology 1 1.2.1 Suffix 1.2.1.1 Usage notes 1.2.1.2 See also 1.2.1.3 Derived terms 1.3 Etymology 2 1.3.1 Suffix 1.3.1.1 See also 1.3.1.2 Derived terms 1.4 Etymology 3 1.4.1 Suffix 1.4.1.1 Derived terms 2 Danish 2.1 Suffix 3 Dutch 3.1 Suffix 3.1.1 Usage notes 3.1.2 Derived terms 4 Finnish 4.1 Suffix 4.2 Suffix 4.2.1 Usage notes 4.3 Particle 4.4 See also 5 French 5.1 Suffix 5.2 See also 6 Hungarian 6.1 Pronunciation 6.2 Suffix 6.2.1 Usage notes 6.3 See also 7 Norwegian 7.1 Suffix 7.1.1 Usage notes 8 Old English 8.1 Etymology 8.2 Suffix 8.2.1 Declension 9 Spanish 9.1 Suffix 10 Swedish 10.1 Suffix

[edit] English

[edit] Pronunciation

following an unvoiced consonant

• IPA: /s/

postvocalic or following a voiced consonant

• IPA: /z/

[edit] Etymology 1

From Old English -as, Nominative-Accusative plural ending of masc. a-stem (i.e. Strong) declension nouns. Most common Old English plural marker (c. 40% of Old English nouns). Akin to Old Saxon masc. plural -os (Dutch and Low German -s), Scand. -r plurals (by rhotacism), from proto-Gmc -ōz, -ōs

[edit] Suffix

-s

1. Used to form regular plurals of nouns.

   one computer → five computers

2. Used to form many pluralia tantum (nouns that are almost or entirely without singular forms).

   shorts, sunglasses, gays

[edit] Usage notes

• (regular plurals): In semi-formal or formal contexts, where the plurality of a noun depends on some unknown aspect of the sentence, the s may be parenthesised: "The winner(s) will be invited to a prize ceremony."

[edit] See also

[edit] Derived terms

see Category:English plurals

[edit] Etymology 2

Middle English -(e)s (third person singular ending of verbs) from Northern Old English (Northumbian dialect) -es, -as (third person singular ending). Replaced historical Old English third person singular ending -(e)þ, -aþ (-eth). Possibly due to Scandinavian influence or related to -es, -as, second person singular ending of verbs. More at -est

[edit] Suffix

-s

1. Used to form the third-person singular indicative present tense of verbs.

   to eat → he eats

[edit] See also

[edit] Derived terms

see Category:English third-person singular forms

[edit] Etymology 3

From Middle English -es from Old English -es (“‘masc-neut genitive ending of most nouns’”). More at -'s

[edit] Suffix

-s

1. (not productive) used in the formation of certain English adverbs.

   backwards ; towards

   always ; sometimes

   I usually have to work nights

[edit] Derived terms

• Category:English words suffixed with -s

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[edit] Danish

[edit] Suffix

-s

1. Used to form the genitive case of nouns.

   Danmarks dronning — the Queen of Denmark

   Københavns snefald — snowfall in Copenhagen

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[edit] Dutch

[edit] Suffix

-s

1. Used to form regular plurals of certain nouns (ending in e.g. -el,-er,-en,-em,-aar or diminutive -je).

   bodem - bodems

2. (archaic) Used to form the genitive case of (strong) masculine and neuter nouns.

   tijd - de tand des tijds

3. Used to form the partitive form of the adjective

   lief -- iets liefs

4. Used to form adverbs and/or adjectives

   stad -- steeds

   loop -- loops

5. Used to form adjectives from names of nations or countries.

   Finland -- Fins

6. Used to form language names from names of peoples or countries

   Finland -- Fins

[edit] Usage notes

• In cases regarding words of Latin origins ending with -um, the -s plural as a suffix is placed behind the word ending with -um. Thus the plural of -um is -um + -s. It is 1 of 2 plurals of -um, the other being -um becomes -a.

[edit] Derived terms

• The adverbial /adjectival -s is combines with other suffixes like :

-lijk → -lijks

-je → -jes

-ling → -lings

Also forms part of -waarts

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[edit] Finnish

[edit] Suffix

-s

1. (case suffix; colloquial or dialectal) Used to form the inessive case.

[edit] Suffix

-s

1. (nominal) Used to form ordinal numbers from cardinal numbers, or ordinal pronouns.

   mones

[edit] Usage notes

• The ordinal suffix is appended to the genitive singular stem of the numeral or other word.
• It has the form -s only in the nominative singular. The suffix has strong vowel stem -nte-, weak vowel stem -nne-, partitive singular stem -t- and plural stem -nsi-. For example, the genitive singular of viisi "5" is viiden, whence the genitive singular stem viide-:

case	form
nominative singular	viides
genitive singular	viidennen
partitive singular	viidettä
essive singular	viidentenä
genitive plural	viidensien
partitive plural	viidensiä

[edit] Particle

-s

1. (enclitic) When appended to a second-person singular or plural imperative, gives the command or request slightly rude or impatient tone – often with different verbs and different independent particles adjacent, the tone is different:

   • Kuules nyt! (addressing one person)
     • Hey, listen to me! (with nyt, quite an established expression of frustration, speaker very impatient)
   • Kuulkaas nyt! (addressing many persons or formally one person)
     • Hey, listen to me! (same tone as above)
   • Tees nämä tehtävät. (addressing one person, tone less impatient)
     • Do these exercises, please.

2. (enclitic) When appended to the particle -pa/-pä that is appended to a second-person singular or plural imperative, gives the command or request a slightly more persuasive or inspiring tone:

   • Laitapas lautaset pöytään.
     • Hey, set the table, will you?

3. (enclitic) Mainly in informal contexts: a particle appended to an interrogative suffix -ko/-kö of the verb conjugated (also -kö with the negation verb) in order to bring the conversation partner or a person outside the conversation, talked about, emotionally closer to the speaker, or to create familiarity into the conversation; also to express that closeness or familiarity – sometimes very difficult to translate well into English, in some cases corresponds the tag questions:

   • Jaksatkos sinä?
     • Are you sure you can make it? or Can you make it?
   • Eikös Saara opiskele oikeustieteitä?
     • Saara studies law, does'nt she?

4. (enclitic; colloquial) appended to the shortened impersonal indicative present form (-n omitted) to soften the command or request or to make it more persuasive:

   • tehdään > tehdää + -s — Tehdääs tämä huomenna. = Let's do this tomorrow.

[edit] See also

• -kin
• -kaan / -kään
• -han / -hän
• -ko / -kö
• -pa / -pä

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[edit] French

[edit] Suffix

-s

1. Used to form the regular plural of nouns.

   hommes

[edit] See also

• -x

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[edit] Hungarian

[edit] Pronunciation

• IPA: /ʃ/

[edit] Suffix

-s

1. Added to a noun to form an adjective meaning "having something, a quality".

   só (“‘salt’”) → sós (“‘salty’”)

2. Added to a noun to form an occupation or a collective noun.

   hajó (“‘ship’”) → hajós (“‘sailor’”)

3. Added to an ordinal number to form a digit or figure.

   nulla (“‘zero’”) → nullás (“‘the digit or figure 0’”)

[edit] Usage notes

Member of the -s/-os/-as/-es/-ös suffix cluster

• -s is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a and -e lengthens to -á- and -é-, respectively.
• -os is added to some back vowel words ending in a consonant
• -as is added to other back vowel words ending in a consonant
• -es is added to unrounded front vowel words ending in a consonant
• -ös is added to rounded front vowel words ending in a consonant

[edit] See also

• Category:Hungarian words suffixed with -s
• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

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[edit] Norwegian

[edit] Suffix

-s

1. Used to form the genitive case of nouns.
2. Used to form the passive of verbs.

[edit] Usage notes

• If the genitive noun already ends with a sibilant, only an apostrophe (-') is added. It is incorrect to use an apostrophe before the s.

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[edit] Old English

[edit] Etymology

Proto-Germanic *-isjō, -usjō

[edit] Suffix

-s f.

1. (often affects the value or quality of preceding consonants, may or may not cause i-mutation) Feminine noun suffix forming nouns from adjectives and verbs

   milts "mercy" (earlier milds) < milde "gentle, mild"

   liss "grace" (earlier liþs, līþs) < līþe "gentle, limber"

   cwiss (earlier cwiþs) "a saying" < cweþan "to say, speak"

[edit] Declension

	Singular	Plural
nominative	-s	-sa
accusative	-se	-sa
genitive	-se	-sa
dative	-se	-sum

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[edit] Spanish

[edit] Suffix

-s

1. Used to form the regular plural of nouns which end in vowels.

   amigo (“‘friend’”) → amigos (“‘friends’”)

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[edit] Swedish

[edit] Suffix

-s

1. Used to form the genitive case of nouns.
2. Used to inflect verbs for the passive voice.