-en

Definition from Wiktionary, a free dictionary

Contents 1 English 1.1 Etymology 1 1.1.1 Suffix 1.1.1.1 Derived terms 1.2 Etymology 2 1.2.1 Suffix 1.2.1.1 Derived terms 1.3 Etymology 3 1.3.1 Suffix 1.3.1.1 Derived terms 1.4 Etymology 4 1.4.1 Suffix 1.4.1.1 Derived terms 1.5 References 2 Danish 2.1 Article 3 Dutch 3.1 Suffix 4 Finnish 4.1 Suffix 4.1.1 Usage notes 5 German 5.1 Pronunciation 5.2 Suffix 6 Hungarian 6.1 Pronunciation 6.2 Suffix 6.2.1 Usage notes 6.3 See also 7 Old English 7.1 Etymology 1 7.1.1 Suffix 7.1.1.1 Declension 1 (neut.) 7.2 Etymology 2 7.2.1 Alternative spellings 7.2.2 Suffix 7.2.2.1 Declension 2 (fem.) 7.3 Etymology 3 7.3.1 Suffix 7.4 Etymology 4 7.4.1 Suffix 7.5 Etymology 5 7.5.1 Suffix 8 Spanish 8.1 Suffix 8.1.1 See also 9 Swedish 9.1 Etymology 9.2 Suffix 10 Welsh 10.1 Etymology 10.2 Pronunciation 10.3 Suffix

[edit] English

[edit] Etymology 1

From Middle English -n, -en, past participle ending of Strong verbs (cf M.E. take(n), took, taken: "take, took, taken"), from Old Norse -inn, past participle ending of Strong verbs (cf. O.N. taka, tōk, takinn: "take, took, taken"). Replaced the native past participle ending of Strong verbs (from Old English -en) in some words, which had weakened to -e or disappeared (cf Southern M.E. do(n), dud(e), ydo : "do, did, done"), but not in others (cf cume(n), com, ycume: "come, came, come").

[edit] Suffix

-en

1. Denotes the past participle form when attached to a verb.

   As in take, taken; forgive, forgiven; prove, proven

   The -en suffix is also used formally to denote any English past participle, even if it does not use the suffix.

   Such a use may be described formally as cook + -en > cooked

[edit] Derived terms

[edit] Etymology 2

• Proto-Germanic

From Middle English -n (in words ending in a vowel: flee: fleen "flea: fleas") and -en. Noun plural marker (predominantly in Southern dialects of Middle English), from Old English Nominative-Accusative plural ending of Weak nouns (n-stem declension); cf. nama: naman (masc.) "name: names"; hlǣfdige: hlǣfdigan (fem.) "lady: ladies"; ēare: ēaran (neut.) "ear: ears". Assisted by M.E. dative plural ending -n, -en from late O.E. -un, -on, weakened form of earlier -um. Akin to Old High German n-stem (cf namo: namon "name: names"), Latin n-stem (cf. homo: homin-)

[edit] Suffix

-en

1. Can be used to denote the plural form of a small number of English words whose etymology goes back to the N-stem (i.e. Weak noun) declension of Germanic languages.

   Examples: aurochs, aurochsen^[1]; brother, brethren^[1]; child, children^[1]; eye, eyen; ox, oxen^[1]

[edit] Derived terms

[edit] Etymology 3

Middle English -(e)nen, -(e)nien from Old English -nian. Cf Old Norse -na

[edit] Suffix

-en

1. When attached to certain adjectives, it forms a transitive verb whose meaning is, to make (adjective). Usually, the verb is ergative, sometimes not. The same construction can also be done to certain (fewer) nouns, as, strengthen, in which case the verb means roughly, to give (noun) to.

   Examples: white, whiten; quick, quicken; strength, strengthen

[edit] Derived terms

[edit] Etymology 4

Middle English from Old English -en, suffix meaning "made of, consisting of, having the qualities of" applied to nouns to form adjectives. Akin to Old High German -īn, Latin -īnus. See -ine

[edit] Suffix

-en

1. When attached to certain nouns that are the names of a material, it forms an adjective whose meaning is, made of (noun). This is a formative pattern with many obsolescent remnants. Changes in the form of the root noun, and the dropping of the "e" in the suffix occur. There are also orphan formations whose root has been lost to the current language.

   Current examples: wood, wooden; gold, golden

   Obsolete examples: brass, brazen (for its orginal, rather than metaphorical use); bronze, bronzen; silver, silvern

   Orphan examples: linen (flax was called lin);

[edit] Derived terms

[edit] References

• Notes:

1. ↑ ^{1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3} The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language by David Crystal (1995, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521401798), page 200

---

[edit] Danish

[edit] Article

-en

1. the c.

---

[edit] Dutch

[edit] Suffix

-en

1. A suffix required by polysyllabic verbs in their infinitive form.

   See Category:Dutch verbs.

2. A suffix added to nouns or other parts of speech to form a verb

   fax - faxen

3. A suffix which is appended to most nouns to make them plural.

   See Category:Dutch plurals.

   For example, Dutch nouns ending in -ing are pluralized by appending -en: verzameling → verzamelingen.

4. A suffix required by plural forms of the present and past tenses

   ik maak -- wij maken

5. A suffix required by all strong verbs in the past participle

   spreken -- gesproken

6. A suffix taken by adjectives used as nouns if they refer to the plural of persons

   groot -- de groten (the great ones)

7. A suffix that forms adjectives that refer to materials

   ivoor -- ivoren

8. A suffix taken by certain adverbs derived from prepositions

   voor -- van voren (from the front)

9. Archaic -- a suffix used to form a number of weak case endings of the adjective or the article

   een -- ten enen male

10. Archaic -- a suffix used to form the weak genitive of certain nouns

    de hertog -- des hertogen, a genitive preserved in 's-Hertogenbosch

---

[edit] Finnish

[edit] Suffix

-en

1. Suffix variant for the illative singular, see -Vn.
2. Suffix for the genitive plural. Usually preceded by the plural marker -i- or -j-, but may also have a consonant separator d after the plural marker if the words would otherwise have 3 consecutive vowels.
3. (personal) Forms the impersonal potential present forms of verbs, appended to the infinitive, followed by the potential mood marker -ne-.

   • No changes in infinitives of verbs that end in one a/ä, except for consonant gradation in verbs ending with -da/-dä and the doubled t in verbs ending with a vowel and -ta/-tä. This -en is preceded by the mood marker -ne-.

   juosta + -ne- + -en -> juostaneen

   nähdä + -ne- + -en -> nähtäneen

   haluta + -ne- + -en -> haluttaneen

   • In verbs ending in -oa/-öä or -ua/-yä, the beginning stem is followed by -tta-/-ttä, the mood marker -ne- and then by this — consonant gradation occurs.

   sanoa, stem sano- + -tta- + -ne- + -en -> sanottaneen

   kertoa, stem ker- + -to- > -ro- + -tta + -en -> kerrottaneen

   huolestua, stem huolestu- + -tta- + -ne- + -en -> huolestuttaneen

   saapua, stem saa- + -pu- > -vu- + -tta- + -ne- + -en -> saavuttaneen

   säilöä, stem säilö- + -ttä- + -ne- + -en -> säilöttäneen

   säilyä, stem säily- + -ttä- + -ne- + -en -> säilyttäneen

   häipyä, stem häi- + -py- > -vy- + -ttä- + -ne- + -en -> häivyttäneen

   • In verbs ending in -aa/-ää or -ea/-eä, the beginning stem is followed by -etta-, the mood marker -ne- and then by this — consonant gradation occurs.

   paistaa, stem paist- + -etta- + -ne- + -en -> paistettaneen

   laskea, stem lask- + -etta- + -ne- + -en -> laskettaneen

   iskeä, stem isk- + -että- + -ne- + -en -> iskettäneen

   laittaa, stem lait- (another t disappears) + -etta- + -ne- + -en -> laitettaneen

   vaihtaa, stem vaih- + -t- > -d- + -etta- + -en- -> vaihdettaneen

4. (possessive) A variant for the third-person possessive suffixes -nsa and -nsä, see the usage notes below.

[edit] Usage notes

• (third-person possessive suffix variant) When the third-person possessive suffix -nsa/-nsä is appended to nouns that are in singular and plural allative and translative and plural comitative, the S and A/Ä are very often omitted from the suffix and the last E of the case suffix preceding the remaining N is doubled — resulting in this -en. In standard Finnish, both the "full" form and the shortened form are acceptable. This same omission takes very often place also in the long first infinitives, used in a shortened sentence expressing "(in order) to do" (see the meanings of -nsa and -nsä):

Singular (allat.) kirjallensa -> kirjalleen (trans.) kirjaksensa -> kirjakseen

Plural (allat.) kirjoillensa -> kirjoilleen (trans.) kirjoiksensa -> kirjoikseen (comit.) kirjoinensa -> kirjoineen

---

[edit] German

[edit] Pronunciation

• IPA: /ən/

[edit] Suffix

-en

1. A suffix of verbs in their infinitive form.
2. A suffix which is appended to several nouns to make them plural.

---

[edit] Hungarian

[edit] Pronunciation

• IPA: /ɛn/

[edit] Suffix

-en

1. Added to an adjective or numeral to create an adverb.

   szép (“‘beautiful’”) → szépen (“‘beautifully’”)

   hét (“‘seven’”) → Heten mentünk moziba. - Seven of us went to the cinema.

   kettő (“‘two’”) → Ketten vannak a szobában. - There are two people in the room.

2. on (superessive case ending)

   szék (“‘chair’”) → széken (“‘on the chair’”)

3. Added to a stem - often an onomatopoeias - to form a verb expressing an instantaneous action.

   reccsen (“‘to crackle, to make one cracking sound’”)

   retten (“‘to recoil, to get afraid instantly’”)

[edit] Usage notes

• (adverbial suffix): Member of the suffix cluster -n/-an/-en.
  • -n is added to words ending in a vowel
  • -an is added to back vowel words ending in a consonant
  • -en is added to front vowel words ending in a consonant
• (superessive case): Member of the suffix cluster -n/-on/-en/-ön/
  • -n is added to words ending in a vowel
  • -on is added to back vowel words ending in a consonant
  • -en is added to unrounded front vowel words ending in a consonant
  • -ön is added to rounded front vowel words ending in a consonant
• (verb suffix): Member of the suffix cluster -an/-en.
  • -an is added to back vowel words
  • -en is added to front vowel words

[edit] See also

• Category:Hungarian words suffixed with -en
• Category:Hungarian noun forms - superessive
• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

---

[edit] Old English

[edit] Etymology 1

Proto-Germanic *-īn-

[edit] Suffix

-en n.

1. (causes i-mutation) used to create diminutive neuter nouns

   mæġden "little girl" < mæġþ "girl, woman"

   cycen, cicen "chick" < cocc "cock, fowl"

[edit] Declension 1 (neut.)

	Singular	Plural
nominative	-en	-ennu
accusative	-en	-ennu
genitive	-ennes/-enu	-enna
dative	-enne	-ennum

[edit] Etymology 2

From Proto-Germanic *-njō, -injō, -unjō

[edit] Alternative spellings

• -in

[edit] Suffix

-en f.

1. (often causes i-mutation) used to create feminine nouns from other nouns

   gyden "goddess" < god "(male) god" (with i-muation)

   þēowen (“‘female servant’”) < þēow (“‘(male) servant’”) (without i-mutation)

[edit] Declension 2 (fem.)

	Singular	Plural
nominative	-en	-enna
accusative	-enne	-enna
genitive	-enne	-enna
dative	-enne	-ennum

[edit] Etymology 3

Proto-Germanic *-īn-

[edit] Suffix

-en

1. (causes i-mutation) adjectival suffix meaning "material made of, consisting of"

   gylden (“‘golden’”) < gold "gold"

   ǣtren "venomous, poisonous" < ātor "poison"

[edit] Etymology 4

Proto-Germanic *-an-

[edit] Suffix

-en

1. (verbal suffix) past participle ending of strong verbs

   ġecumen "come"

   ġecorfen "carved"

[edit] Etymology 5

Proto-Germanic *-an-

[edit] Suffix

-en

1. (adjective suffix) meaning belonging to or characterized by

   tunglen "of the stars, sidereal, starry" < tungol "star"

   fæderen "paternal, of a father" < fæder "father"

   hunden "canine" < hund "dog, hound"

---

[edit] Spanish

[edit] Suffix

-en

1. Suffix indicating the third-person plural present indicative of -er and -ir verbs.
2. Suffix indicating the third-person plural present subjunctive of -ar verbs.
3. Suffix indicating the third-person plural imperative of -ar verbs

[edit] See also

• -an

---

[edit] Swedish

[edit] Etymology

Probably from Old Norse suffixes -inn and -in.

[edit] Suffix

-en

1. Suffix for definite form singular of many common gender nouns, in particular those which end in a consonant or a stressed -i; see also -n.
2. Suffix for definite form plural of neuter nouns ending with consonant.
3. Suffix for the past participle of verbs belonging to the fourth (strong) declension, e.g. stjäla – stulen.
4. Suffix which converts a few adjectives into adverbs

   möjlig (possible) -> möjligen (possibly)

---

[edit] Welsh

[edit] Etymology

Alteration of un (“‘one’”).

[edit] Pronunciation

• IPA: /en/

[edit] Suffix

-en f.; -yn m.

1. Used to form feminine singulars of certain words; for the sake of example: cylion → cylionen.