-e

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English[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From archaic forms ending in e, from Middle English -e, from the coalescence of multiple various endings from Old English.

Pronunciation[edit]

Silent.

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. Used for archaizing.
    • 1993, “10-13. Kenosha”, in Wisconsin Annual Events, page 38:
      YE OLDE ENGLISHE CHRISTMASSE FEASTE: Nine course authentic Renaissance festival banquet.
    • 1996, Jon Orwant, Perl 5 Interactive Course, →ISBN, page 679:
      Ye Olde Webbe page / Whither thou goest, there thou be.
    • 1999 June 14, Tina Clarke, “Re: How to make LINKS open in new Browser Window?”, in microsoft.public.frontpage.client (Usenet), message-ID <7k1f5j$607$1@news5.svr.pol.co.uk>:
      Go on tell what prob your having at the mo with ye olde computere! You don't get this crusty without one...do u?
    • 2002, Bruce Balfour, The Forge of Mars, Berkeley Publishing Group, →ISBN:
      “Yes. It’s an English pub called Ye Olde Meate Markete. []

Usage notes[edit]

Usually all words of the noun phrase are suffixed, unless the word already ends in e (e.g. smalle quainte towne for "small quaint town"). Commonly used with ye olde and other archaic terms. The consonant at the end of the word is often doubled if it is preceded by a historically short vowel, according to the rules of English spelling (e.g. hogge for "hog", bidde for "bid", etc.).

Derived terms[edit]

See also[edit]

Afrikaans[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Dutch -en.

Pronunciation[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. The plural ending of many nouns.

Usage notes[edit]

  • Generally, -e is used in nouns with final stress and -s otherwise. However, a certain number of inherited nouns deviate (in either direction) and newer loanwords often take -s even after final stress. Small irregular classes are plurals in -ere, -ers, and -ens.
  • A rather large number of plurals in -e show phonetic pecularities such as the following:
    • A short stem vowel may be lengthened: ‎skip (ship) + ‎-e → ‎skepe.
    • Final -d- may be replaced with -i-: ‎pad (path) + ‎-e → ‎paaie.
    • Final -g- may be lost: ‎dag (day) + ‎-e → ‎dae.
    • An underlying final -t- may resurface: ‎nag (night) + ‎-e → ‎nagte.

Albanian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Albanian *-jā, from Proto-Indo-European *-ih₂ ~ *-yéh₂s.

Suffix[edit]

-e (definite -ja, plural -e)

  1. forms the feminine forms for many adjectives
  2. forms feminine equivalents of nouns
    Synonyms: -éshë, -ónjë
    mik (male friend) + ‎-e → ‎mike (female friend)
    gjysh (grandfather) + ‎-e → ‎gjyshe (grandmother)

Derived terms[edit]

Central Franconian[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

  • -en (see usage notes below)

Etymology[edit]

From Middle High German -en, from a merger of various Old High German suffixes. The use for the masculine nominative of the adjective (except in south-eastern dialects) goes back to generalisation of the accusative form. The use for the first-person singular goes back to generalisation of Old High German -ōm, -ēm in weak classes II and III, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-mi.

Pronunciation[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. A common noun plural ending, especially in feminines.
  2. A common adjectival declension ending, especially in the masculine nominative/accusative and the weak dative of all genders.
  3. A common conjugation ending, especially in the infinitive, first-person singular and plural, and third-person plural.

Usage notes[edit]

Czech[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Inherited from Old Czech .

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. used to form adverbs from adjectives
    jednoduchý (simple) + ‎-e → ‎jednoduše (simply)

Etymology 2[edit]

Inherited from Old Czech , from Proto-Slavic *-ę.

Suffix[edit]

-e n (noun-forming suffix)

  1. forms diminutive nouns, usually terms for young animals
    pták + ‎-e → ‎ptáče
    zvěř + ‎-e → ‎zvíře

Etymology 3[edit]

Inherited from Old Czech , from Proto-Slavic *-ě.

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. desinence used to form dative singular and locative singular of some feminine nouns
    sestra (sister) + ‎-e → ‎sestře
  2. desinence used to form genitive singular, nominative plural, accusative plural and vocative plural of some feminine nouns
    kostrč (tailbone) + ‎-e → ‎kostrče
  3. desinence used to form vocative singular of some masculine animate nouns
    pan (Mr, Sir) + ‎-e → ‎pane
  4. desinence used to form genitive singular, accusative singular and accusative plural of some masculine animate nouns
    muž (man) + ‎-e → ‎muže
  5. desinence used to form vocative singular and locative singular of some masculine inanimate nouns
    les (forest) + ‎-e → ‎lese
  6. desinence used to form genitive singular, nominative plural, accusative plural and vocative plural of some masculine inanimate nouns
    stroj (machine) + ‎-e → ‎stroje

See also[edit]

Further reading[edit]

  • -e/-ě in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017

Danish[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. Marks the infinitive of many or most verbs, and is usually appended to borrowed verbs.
  2. Marks the singular/definite of adjectives.
  3. Marks the plural of some nouns.

Dutch[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Borrowed from French -e

Pronunciation[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. suffix indicating the female form of occupations or inhabitants of countries
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /də/, /stə/ (like the ordinal written in full)

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. Placed after a number written in digits, to form its corresponding ordinal number.
    2e = tweede
    8e = achtste
    Synonyms: -de, -ste
Usage notes[edit]

The e is sometimes written in superscript, like in French (2e, 8e), but this is discouraged by the Dutch Language Union.[1]

Etymology 3[edit]

From various suffixes of the Middle Dutch [Term?] adjective inflection.

Pronunciation[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. Used to create the inflected form of an adjective, which is used after a definite determiner, or before masculine, feminine, and plural nouns in general.
Usage notes[edit]

See Appendix:Dutch parts of speech

Etymology 4[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-e m or f

  1. Used to form nouns from adjectives, denoting a person that possesses the quality of the adjective.
    volwassen (adult) + ‎-e → ‎volwassene (an adult)
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 5[edit]

From Middle Dutch -e, from Old Dutch -i, from Proto-Germanic *-į̄.

Pronunciation[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-e f

  1. (archaic, rare) Used to form abstract nouns from adjectives; the nouns express the quality of the adjective.
    Synonyms: -te, -heid
    koud (cold) + ‎-e → ‎koude (the cold)

Etymology 6[edit]

From Middle Dutch -e, the ending of the first and third person singular subjunctive.

Pronunciation[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. (archaic) Used to form the singular subjunctive of a verb.

References[edit]

Esperanto[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From the Latin and Italian adverbial suffix -e (as in bene (well)), perhaps reinforced by Russian (-e) and Polish -e.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • (file)

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. -ly; used to form adverbs
    bona (good) + ‎-e → ‎bone (well)
    unu (one) + ‎-e → ‎unue (firstly)
  2. the ending for correlatives of place

Derived terms[edit]

correlatives
  • ĉie (everywhere)
  • ie (somewhere)
  • kie (where)
  • nenie (nowhere)
  • tie (there)

Estonian[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Proto-Finnic *-ëk and Proto-Finnic *-ëh. Cognate to Finnish -e.

Suffix[edit]

-e (genitive -e, partitive -et)

  1. Derives nouns from verbs.
    katma (to cover) + ‎-e → ‎kate (cover)
    astuma (to step) + ‎-e → ‎aste (a step)
    võtma (to take) + ‎-e → ‎võte (trick, mode, way)
    mõtlema (to think) + ‎-e → ‎mõte (thought)

Etymology 2[edit]

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix[edit]

-e (genitive -me, partitive -et)

  1. Derives nouns from verbs.
    liikuma (to move) + ‎-e → ‎liige (member)
    astuma (to step) + ‎-e → ‎aste (step, grade)
    kastma (to dip) + ‎-e → ‎kaste (sauce)

Etymology 3[edit]

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix[edit]

-e (genitive -eda, partitive -edat)

  1. Derives adjectives.
    lamama (to lay down) + ‎-e → ‎lame (flat)
    krõbisema (to crunch) + ‎-e → ‎krõbe (crunchy)
    tobu (fool) + ‎-e → ‎tobe (silly, dumb)
Declension[edit]
Declension of -e (ÕS type 2/õpik, no gradation)
singular plural
nominative -e -edad
accusative nom.
gen. -eda
genitive -edate
partitive -edat -edaid
illative -edasse -edatesse
-edaisse
inessive -edas -edates
-edais
elative -edast -edatest
-edaist
allative -edale -edatele
-edaile
adessive -edal -edatel
-edail
ablative -edalt -edatelt
-edailt
translative -edaks -edateks
-edaiks
terminative -edani -edateni
essive -edana -edatena
abessive -edata -edateta
comitative -edaga -edatega

Derived terms[edit]

Finnish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Conflated:

Pronunciation[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. Used for forming nouns from verbs or adjectives.
    ottaa (to take (hold of)) + ‎-e → ‎ote (grip)
    paha (bad, evil) + ‎-e → ‎pahe (vice)
    ääntää (to pronounce, enunciate) + ‎-e → ‎äänne (sound (in phonetics))

Declension[edit]

Inflection of -e (Kotus type 48/hame, no gradation)
nominative -e -eet
genitive -een -eiden
-eitten
partitive -etta -eita
illative -eeseen -eisiin
-eihin
singular plural
nominative -e -eet
accusative nom. -e -eet
gen. -een
genitive -een -eiden
-eitten
partitive -etta -eita
inessive -eessa -eissa
elative -eesta -eista
illative -eeseen -eisiin
-eihin
adessive -eella -eilla
ablative -eelta -eilta
allative -eelle -eille
essive -eena -eina
translative -eeksi -eiksi
abessive -eetta -eitta
instructive -ein
comitative See the possessive forms below.
Possessive forms of -e (Kotus type 48/hame, no gradation)
first-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative -eeni -eeni
accusative nom. -eeni -eeni
gen. -eeni
genitive -eeni -eideni
-eitteni
partitive -ettani -eitani
inessive -eessani -eissani
elative -eestani -eistani
illative -eeseeni -eisiini
-eihini
adessive -eellani -eillani
ablative -eeltani -eiltani
allative -eelleni -eilleni
essive -eenani -einani
translative -eekseni -eikseni
abessive -eettani -eittani
instructive
comitative -eineni
second-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative -eesi -eesi
accusative nom. -eesi -eesi
gen. -eesi
genitive -eesi -eidesi
-eittesi
partitive -ettasi -eitasi
inessive -eessasi -eissasi
elative -eestasi -eistasi
illative -eeseesi -eisiisi
-eihisi
adessive -eellasi -eillasi
ablative -eeltasi -eiltasi
allative -eellesi -eillesi
essive -eenasi -einasi
translative -eeksesi -eiksesi
abessive -eettasi -eittasi
instructive
comitative -einesi
first-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative -eemme -eemme
accusative nom. -eemme -eemme
gen. -eemme
genitive -eemme -eidemme
-eittemme
partitive -ettamme -eitamme
inessive -eessamme -eissamme
elative -eestamme -eistamme
illative -eeseemme -eisiimme
-eihimme
adessive -eellamme -eillamme
ablative -eeltamme -eiltamme
allative -eellemme -eillemme
essive -eenamme -einamme
translative -eeksemme -eiksemme
abessive -eettamme -eittamme
instructive
comitative -einemme
second-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative -eenne -eenne
accusative nom. -eenne -eenne
gen. -eenne
genitive -eenne -eidenne
-eittenne
partitive -ettanne -eitanne
inessive -eessanne -eissanne
elative -eestanne -eistanne
illative -eeseenne -eisiinne
-eihinne
adessive -eellanne -eillanne
ablative -eeltanne -eiltanne
allative -eellenne -eillenne
essive -eenanne -einanne
translative -eeksenne -eiksenne
abessive -eettanne -eittanne
instructive
comitative -einenne
third-person possessor
singular plural
nominative -eensa -eensa
accusative nom. -eensa -eensa
gen. -eensa
genitive -eensa -eidensa
-eittensa
partitive -ettaan
-ettansa
-eitaan
-eitansa
inessive -eessaan
-eessansa
-eissaan
-eissansa
elative -eestaan
-eestansa
-eistaan
-eistansa
illative -eeseensa -eisiinsa
-eihinsa
adessive -eellaan
-eellansa
-eillaan
-eillansa
ablative -eeltaan
-eeltansa
-eiltaan
-eiltansa
allative -eelleen
-eellensa
-eilleen
-eillensa
essive -eenaan
-eenansa
-einaan
-einansa
translative -eekseen
-eeksensa
-eikseen
-eiksensa
abessive -eettaan
-eettansa
-eittaan
-eittansa
instructive
comitative -eineen
-einensa
Inflection of -e (Kotus type 48/hame, no gradation)
nominative -e -eet
genitive -een -eiden
-eitten
partitive -että -eitä
illative -eeseen -eisiin
-eihin
singular plural
nominative -e -eet
accusative nom. -e -eet
gen. -een
genitive -een -eiden
-eitten
partitive -että -eitä
inessive -eessä -eissä
elative -eestä -eistä
illative -eeseen -eisiin
-eihin
adessive -eellä -eillä
ablative -eeltä -eiltä
allative -eelle -eille
essive -eenä -einä
translative -eeksi -eiksi
abessive -eettä -eittä
instructive -ein
comitative See the possessive forms below.
Possessive forms of -e (Kotus type 48/hame, no gradation)
first-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative -eeni -eeni
accusative nom. -eeni -eeni
gen. -eeni
genitive -eeni -eideni
-eitteni
partitive -ettäni -eitäni
inessive -eessäni -eissäni
elative -eestäni -eistäni
illative -eeseeni -eisiini
-eihini
adessive -eelläni -eilläni
ablative -eeltäni -eiltäni
allative -eelleni -eilleni
essive -eenäni -einäni
translative -eekseni -eikseni
abessive -eettäni -eittäni
instructive
comitative -eineni
second-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative -eesi -eesi
accusative nom. -eesi -eesi
gen. -eesi
genitive -eesi -eidesi
-eittesi
partitive -ettäsi -eitäsi
inessive -eessäsi -eissäsi
elative -eestäsi -eistäsi
illative -eeseesi -eisiisi
-eihisi
adessive -eelläsi -eilläsi
ablative -eeltäsi -eiltäsi
allative -eellesi -eillesi
essive -eenäsi -einäsi
translative -eeksesi -eiksesi
abessive -eettäsi -eittäsi
instructive
comitative -einesi
first-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative -eemme -eemme
accusative nom. -eemme -eemme
gen. -eemme
genitive -eemme -eidemme
-eittemme
partitive -ettämme -eitämme
inessive -eessämme -eissämme
elative -eestämme -eistämme
illative -eeseemme -eisiimme
-eihimme
adessive -eellämme -eillämme
ablative -eeltämme -eiltämme
allative -eellemme -eillemme
essive -eenämme -einämme
translative -eeksemme -eiksemme
abessive -eettämme -eittämme
instructive
comitative -einemme
second-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative -eenne -eenne
accusative nom. -eenne -eenne
gen. -eenne
genitive -eenne -eidenne
-eittenne
partitive -ettänne -eitänne
inessive -eessänne -eissänne
elative -eestänne -eistänne
illative -eeseenne -eisiinne
-eihinne
adessive -eellänne -eillänne
ablative -eeltänne -eiltänne
allative -eellenne -eillenne
essive -eenänne -einänne
translative -eeksenne -eiksenne
abessive -eettänne -eittänne
instructive
comitative -einenne
third-person possessor
singular plural
nominative -eensä -eensä
accusative nom. -eensä -eensä
gen. -eensä
genitive -eensä -eidensä
-eittensä
partitive -ettään
-ettänsä
-eitään
-eitänsä
inessive -eessään
-eessänsä
-eissään
-eissänsä
elative -eestään
-eestänsä
-eistään
-eistänsä
illative -eeseensä -eisiinsä
-eihinsä
adessive -eellään
-eellänsä
-eillään
-eillänsä
ablative -eeltään
-eeltänsä
-eiltään
-eiltänsä
allative -eelleen
-eellensä
-eilleen
-eillensä
essive -eenään
-eenänsä
-einään
-einänsä
translative -eekseen
-eeksensä
-eikseen
-eiksensä
abessive -eettään
-eettänsä
-eittään
-eittänsä
instructive
comitative -eineen
-einensä

Derived terms[edit]

See also[edit]

French[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

  • silent; causing previous silent consonant to become pronounced, and causing nasal vowels to become replaced by oral vowels + nasal consonants

Suffix[edit]

-e f

  1. forms the feminine of adjectives and nouns
    fort + ‎-e → ‎forte
    garçon + ‎-e → ‎garçonne

Etymology 2[edit]

In the third person, from Latin -at; in the first person generally by analogy.

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. inflection of -er:
    1. first-person singular present indicative
    2. first-person singular present subjunctive
    3. third-person singular present indicative
    4. third-person singular present subjunctive
  2. inflection of -re:
    1. first-person singular present subjunctive
    2. third-person singular present subjunctive

Etymology 3[edit]

From Latin (imperative).

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. second-person singular imperative of -er

Etymology 4[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-e (plural -es)

  1. abbreviation of -ième when an ordinal number is written with Arabic or Roman numerals
    deuxième2e

Garo[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. forms the perfect participle of a verb
    Skul re·e anga nengbea
    After going to school I was tired

German[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Middle High German -e, from Old High German , from Proto-Germanic *-į̄.

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. (now chiefly unproductive) used to form nouns from adjectives, sometimes with umlaut of the root vowel; the nouns express the quality of the adjective
    stark (strong) + ‎-e → ‎Stärke (strength)

Etymology 2[edit]

From Middle High German -e, a merger of various Old High German vocalic endings.

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. used to form the plural of some nouns; in masculines and feminines, but not in neuters, usually triggering umlaut of the root vowel
    Baum (tree) + ‎-e → ‎Bäume (trees)
    Nacht (night) + ‎-e → ‎Nächte (nights)
    Wort (word) + ‎-e → ‎Worte (words)
  2. (chiefly dated) used to form the dative of strong masculine and neuter nouns ending in a stressed syllable
    das Haus (house)dem Hause (usually: dem Haus)
  3. used to form various declined adjective forms, notably the nominative/accusative feminine singular
    schöndie schöne Frau
  4. used to form the 1st person singular present indicative (and subjunctive) of a verb
    gehen (geh- + -en) → ich gehe (colloquial or poetic: ich geh)
  5. used to form the 3rd person singular present subjunctive of a verb
    gehener gehe
  6. used to form the 1st and 3rd person singular past subjunctive of a verb
    gingich ginge, er ginge

Etymology 3[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

-e

  1. (colloquial) Contraction of du after 2nd person singular forms of a verb.
    hast duhaste

Hungarian[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. Possessive (and genitive) suffix: [from 1055]
    1. (with no possessor or with the 3rd‑person pronoun as possessor, usually construed with the definite article) hisherits …
      ház(a) háza, az ő háza (his/her/its house)élet(az) élete, az ő élete (his/her/its life)barát(a) barátja (his/her/its friend)kapu(a) kapuja (his/her/its gate)palota(a) palotája (his/her/its palace)kert(a) kertje (his/her/its garden)betű(a) betűje (his/her/its letter)vese(a) veséje (his/her/its kidney)
    2. (with a singular possessor)-'s, of … (third-person singular, single possession)
      Anna háza (Anna’s house), a felkelő nap háza (the house of the rising sun)Anna élete (Anna’s life), a város élete (the life of the city)a király palotája (the king’s palace)a ház kapuja (the gate of the house)Anna kertje (Anna’s garden), a tulipán kertje (the garden of the tulip)
    3. (with a plural possessor)-s’, of-s (third-person plural, single possession)
      a szüleim háza (my parents’ house), a trópusi növények háza ([the] house of [the] tropical plants, literally the tropical plants’ house)a szüleim élete (my parents’ lives, literally my parents’ life), a könyvek élete ([the] lives of [the] books, literally the books’ life)az uralkodók palotája (the rulers’ palace)a szüleim kertje (my parents’ garden), Az elágazó ösvények kertje (The Garden of Forking Paths)
    4. (with instantaneous time expressions) … ago (referring to a preceding point in time considered as an instant)
      Egy évszázada / két éve / egy órája / sok/hosszú ideje ment el.S/he left one century / two years / one hour / a long time ago.
      Synonym: -val/-vel ezelőtt, e.g. egy évszázaddal, két évvel ezelőtt
    5. (with durative time expressions) for … (referring to some duration that precedes the point of time in question)
      Egy évszázada / két éve / egy órája / sok/hosszú ideje várunk rád.We have been waiting for you for a century / two years / an hour / a long time.
    6. (mostly with quantities, often following -ik) of …, out of(partitive sense)
      Synonym: (only with countable quantities) közül
      jó (jav-) (the greater/better part)a java még hátravan (the best/bulk is yet to come, literally its best/bulk is…)
      legnagyobbik (the biggest one)a bikák legnagyobbika (the biggest [one] of the bulls, synonymous with a legnagyobb bika)
  2. (personal suffix) [from the end of the 12th century]
    1. Third-person singular personal suffix in back-vowel verbs. Today it can be found in the third-person singular definite forms (indicative past and imperative conjugations) as part of the suffix -ja/-je, -ta/-te.
      tud (to know)tudta (he/she knew it)
      tudtudja (he/she knows it (indicative mood))
      tudtudja (he/she should know it (subjunctive mood))
      kér (to request, ask for sth)kérte (he/she requested it)
      kérkérje (he/she should request it (subjunctive mood))
    2. Third-person singular personal suffix in back-vowel conjugated infinitives and in the declined and postposition forms of the third-person personal pronoun ő (he/she/it).
      tanulni (to study)tanulnia kell (he/she must study, literally it is necessary for him/her to study)
      kérni (to request, ask for)kérnie kell (he/she must request [it], literally it is necessary for him/her to request)
      -ról (about)róla (about him/her/it)
      -től (from)tőle (from him/her/it)
      után (after)utána (after him/her/it)
      fölött (above)fölötte (above him/her/it)
Usage notes[edit]
  • (possessive suffix) Variants:
    -a is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -e is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -ja is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant or a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-; final -o changes to -ó-.
    -je is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant or a vowel. Final -e changes to -é-; final changes to -ő-.
    • This suffix (in all forms) is normally used for the third-person singular possessive (single possession) but, after an explicit plural possessor, it also expresses the third-person plural possessive (single possession), e.g. “the children’s ball” (a gyerekek labdája). If the possessor is implicit (not named, only marked by a suffix), the plural possessive suffix must be used, e.g. “their ball” (a labdájuk, see -juk and its variants).
  • (personal suffix) Variants:
    -a is added to back-vowel words
    -e is added to front-vowel words
Note that the corresponding (third-person singular) indicative mood of front-vowel verbs is -i, e.g. kéri (s/he requests it).
Declension[edit]
Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, front unrounded harmony)
singular plural
nominative -e
accusative -ét
dative -ének
instrumental -ével
causal-final -éért
translative -évé
terminative -éig
essive-formal -eként
essive-modal -éül
inessive -ében
superessive -én
adessive -énél
illative -ébe
sublative -ére
allative -éhez
elative -éből
delative -éről
ablative -étől
non-attributive
possessive - singular
-éé
non-attributive
possessive - plural
-ééi

See also[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

  • (rare, mostly dialectal)

Particle[edit]

-e (clitic)

  1. whether, if
    Nem tudom, [hogy] voltál-e már Budapesten.I don't know if you've ever been in Budapest.
  2. (folksy) Suffix for yes/no tag questions. Always optional since word order and intonation make the question clear.
    Látod-e már a mezőket?Can you see the fields yet?
    • 1857, János Arany, A walesi bárdok (The Bards of Wales), translated by Watson Kirkconnell[1]
      Van-e ott folyó és földje jó? / Legelőin fű kövér? / Használt-e a megöntözés: / A pártos honfivér?
      Are stream and mountain fair to see? / Are meadow grasses good? / Do corn-lands bear a crop more rare / Since wash’d with rebel’s blood?
      (Note: From a grammatical point of view, the Hungarian text could also include -e at “…földje jó-e?” and “…fű kövér-e?” or alternatively, all instances of -e could be removed without changing the meaning.)
Usage notes[edit]

Always written with a hyphen. Used in tag (yes/no) questions, but not all such questions use -e: in most cases a question is indicated only by emphasis and question mark. Always attached to the main word (usually the verb) of the predicate of the phrase.

Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 3[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. (personal suffix, archaic) Used to form the third-person singular indicative past indefinite, for front-vowel verbs. The back-vowel version is -a. The suffix currently used in this place is -t, -tt, -ett or -ött. For the full paradigm, see the usage template.

Etymology 4[edit]

See at -a.

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. (obsolete participle suffix) Synonym of (present-participle suffix) The back-vowel version is -a. Sometimes it also occurs as or -i.
Derived terms[edit]

Further reading[edit]

  • (whether, if): -e in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
  • (whether, if): -e in Ittzés, Nóra (ed.). A magyar nyelv nagyszótára (‘A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031 (work in progress; published A–ez as of 2024)

Ido[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from Esperanto -e, from Latin .

Pronunciation[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. -ly; used to form adverbs

Usage notes[edit]

Any adjective can be converted into an adverb by swapping the -a suffix by -e.

Ingrian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Conflated:

Cognates include Finnish -e and Estonian -e.

Pronunciation[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. Used to form nouns from either verbs or adjectives.
    lähtiä (to begin) + ‎-e → ‎lähe (spring)

Declension[edit]

(back-vocalic)
Declension of -e (type 6/lähe, no gradation)
singular plural
nominative -e -eet
genitive -een -ein
partitive -etta -eita
illative -eesse -eisse
inessive -ees -eis
elative -eest -eist
allative -eelle -eille
adessive -eel -eil
ablative -eelt -eilt
translative -eeks -eiks
essive -eenna, -een -einna, -ein
exessive1) -eent -eint
1) obsolete
*) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl)
**) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.
(front-vocalic)
Declension of -e (type 6/lähe, no gradation)
singular plural
nominative -e -eet
genitive -een -ein
partitive -että -eitä
illative -eesse -eisse
inessive -ees -eis
elative -eest -eist
allative -eelle -eille
adessive -eel -eil
ablative -eelt -eilt
translative -eeks -eiks
essive -eennä, -een -einnä, -ein
exessive1) -eent -eint
1) obsolete
*) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl)
**) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

Derived terms[edit]

Irish[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Old Irish -e, from Proto-Celtic *-yā, from Proto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂.

Suffix[edit]

-e f

  1. Used to form abstract nouns from adjectives
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

Simplification of *-nn-ne.

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. Alternative form of -ne (used after -nn in pronouns)

Etymology 3[edit]

From Old Irish -e, from Proto-Celtic *-yās, from Proto-Indo-European *-yeh₂-s.

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. Used to form the genitive singular of second-declension nouns
  2. Used to form the feminine genitive singular of first-declension adjectives

Etymology 4[edit]

From a variety of Old Irish nominative and accusative plural endings including -i in masculine and feminine i-stems and in feminine ī-stems, -e in neuter i-stems, and -ea in some consonant stems; from various Proto-Celtic endings.

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. Used to form the plural of certain nouns

Etymology 5[edit]

From Old Irish -iu, from Proto-Celtic *-yūs, from Proto-Indo-European *-yōs.

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. Used to form the comparative degree of adjectives

Italian[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /e/ (stress falls on the preceding syllable)
  • Hyphenation: -e

Suffix[edit]

-e (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)

  1. used with a stem to form the third-person present of regular -ere verbs and those -ire verbs that don't take "isco"

Japanese[edit]

Romanization[edit]

-e

  1. Rōmaji transcription of

Latin[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Old Latin -ēd (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?), from Proto-Italic *-ēd, probably from a combination of Proto-Indo-European suffixes, but morphologically opaque. Compare perhaps Proto-Germanic *-ê and Proto-Slavic *-ě (adverbial suffixes), though these are also of disputed derivation. (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation[edit]

Suffix[edit]

(comparative -ius, superlative -issimē)

  1. -ly; used to form adverbs from adjectives.
    Synonyms: -iter, , -ter
Usage notes[edit]

The suffix is usually added to a first/second-declension adjective stem to form an adverb of manner.

Examples:
clārus (famous, clear) + ‎ → ‎clārē (famously, clearly)
pulcher (beautiful) + ‎ → ‎pulchrē (beautifully)
Descendants[edit]
  • Esperanto: -e

Etymology 2[edit]

A regularly declined form of -us.

Pronunciation[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. vocative masculine singular of -us

Etymology 3[edit]

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. ablative singular of -s

See also[edit]

Latvian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. Used to derive feminine nouns from masculine nouns (like English -ess).
  2. Used to form (feminine) nouns from verb stems.
    iestādīt + ‎-e → ‎iestāde
    skatīt + ‎-e → ‎skate

Synonyms[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

Related terms[edit]

Feminine suffixes that include -e

Lower Sorbian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Slavic *-ę.

Suffix[edit]

-e n

  1. Noun suffix, mostly used for young animals.
    robel (sparrow) + ‎-e → ‎roble (baby sparrow)

Middle Dutch[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Old Dutch -i, from Proto-Germanic *-į̄.

Suffix[edit]

-e f

  1. Used to form abstract nouns from adjectives, mostly those expressing physical properties.
    Synonyms: -ede, -heit

Usage notes[edit]

This suffix originally triggered umlaut of the root vowel. This is seen in some words (kelde, from cout), but not in others (coude).

Derived terms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

Middle English[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From a variety of Old English adjectival inflectional suffixes.

Pronunciation[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. Forms the weak singular and plural of adjectives.
Derived terms[edit]
References[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

From Old French -e, -ee, from Latin -ātus, -āta. Compare -at, -te, -ite.

Pronunciation[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-e (no longer productive)

  1. Forms nouns denoting an office or function.
  2. Forms pseudo-participial nouns from verbs or other nouns:
    1. Forms nouns denoting the presence of something.
    2. Forms nouns denoting one who an action is done to.
    3. Forms nouns denoting something made or applied.
      fige (fig) + ‎-e → ‎figee (fig pudding)
Derived terms[edit]
Descendants[edit]

Etymology 3[edit]

From Old English -a.

Pronunciation[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-e (no longer productive)

  1. Forms agent nouns from verbal or nominal stems.
Derived terms[edit]
References[edit]

Etymology 4[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. Alternative form of -y

Etymology 5[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. Alternative form of -yf

Etymology 6[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. Alternative form of -ie

Murui Huitoto[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Classifier[edit]

-e

  1. Classifier with no specific meaning.

Derived terms[edit]

References[edit]

  • Katarzyna Izabela Wojtylak (2017) A grammar of Murui (Bue): a Witotoan language of Northwest Amazonia.[2], Townsville: James Cook University press (PhD thesis), page 195

Namuyi[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. Used to form ingressive verbs.

References[edit]

  • Štěpán Pavlík (2017) The Description of Namuzi Language[3], Prague: Charles University (PhD Thesis), page 49

Ojibwe[edit]

Final[edit]

-e

  1. an incorporating final

Derived terms[edit]

References[edit]

Old English[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From West Germanic *, from Proto-Germanic *-ê, which survives otherwise only in Gothic (and possibly Old Norse).

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. forming adverbs from adjectives; -ly
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

From Proto-West Germanic *-ī. Beyond that, generally from Proto-Germanic *-ijaz. Note though that -wintre is from Proto-Germanic *-wintruz, since Proto-Germanic u-stem adjectives became ja-stems in West Germanic. Other suffixes derived from u-stem nouns, such as -flēre, might also have been zero derivations in Proto-Germanic.

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. forms adjectival suffixes from nouns, often with the meaning "having" (typically causes i-umlaut)
    ān (one) + ‎willa (will) + ‎-e → ‎ānwille (stubborn)
    fela (many) + ‎word (word) + ‎-e → ‎felawyrde (long-winded)
    fīf (five) + ‎flōr (floor) + ‎-e → ‎fīfflēre (five-story)
    fiþer- (four) + ‎sċēat (corner) + ‎-e → ‎fiþersċīete (square)
    forþ (forward) + ‎gang (going) + ‎-e → ‎forþgenġe (progressive)
    īdel (empty) + ‎hand (hand) + ‎-e → ‎īdelhende (empty-handed)
    lang (long) + ‎līf (life) + ‎-e → ‎langlīfe (long-lived)
    ofer- (over-) + ‎ǣt (eating) + ‎-e → ‎oferǣte (gluttonous)
    or- (out of) + ‎blōd (blood) + ‎-e → ‎orblēde (bled out)
    sċeolh (crooked) + ‎ēage (eye) + ‎-e → ‎sċeolhīeġe (crosseyed)
    sīd (hanging down) + ‎feax (hair on the head) + ‎-e → ‎sīdfiexe (long-haired)
    twelf (twelve) + ‎winter (year) + ‎-e → ‎twelfwintre (twelve years old)
    twi- (two) + ‎eċġ (edge) + ‎-e → ‎twieċġe (double-edged)
    twi- (two) + ‎fōt (foot) + ‎-e → ‎twifēte (bipedal)
    un- (un-) + ‎ċēap (cost) + ‎-e → ‎unċīepe (free)

Old French[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Latin -a.

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. used to form feminine forms of nouns and adjectives

Descendants[edit]

  • Middle French: -e
    • French: -e

Old Irish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Celtic *-yā (whence also Welsh -edd and Cornish -edh), from Proto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂. Cognate with Ancient Greek -ίᾱ (-íā) and Latin -ia.

Suffix[edit]

-e f

  1. Forms concrete or abstract nouns from adjectives.
    cathach (bellicose) + ‎-e → ‎cathaige (warlike spirit)
    sáer (free) + ‎-e → ‎saíre (freedom, liberty)

Usage notes[edit]

This suffix palatalises the preceding consonant(s) when one of the following is true:

  • The consonant(s) are a single intervocalic coronal consonant or -nd-.
  • The consonant(s) are -mb-, -ng- or any lone intervocalic non-coronal consonant, in turn preceded by an unrounded vowel.

Other consonants and clusters are generally not palatalised by the suffix, unless the cluster previously had an /e/ or /i/ between the consonants in the cluster that was lost to syncope. However, sometimes palatalization spreads analogically.

Inflection[edit]

Feminine iā-stem
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative -eL -iL -i
Vocative -eL -iL -i
Accusative -iN -iL -i
Genitive -e -eL -eN
Dative -iL -ib -ib
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
  • H = triggers aspiration
  • L = triggers lenition
  • N = triggers nasalization

Derived terms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

Old Polish[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ьje.

Pronunciation[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-e n

  1. forms neuter nouns denoting a place, typically from a prepositional phrase
  2. forms adverbs from adjectives, causes softening

Derived terms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

  • Polish: -e

See also[edit]

Polish[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Inherited from Old Polish -e, from Proto-Slavic *-ьje. Doublet of -ium and -ion.

Pronunciation[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-e n (feminine -a)

  1. forms neuter nouns denoting a place, typically from a prepositional phrase
    po + ‎bok + ‎-e → ‎pobocze
  2. forms some plural forms
    list + ‎-e → ‎liście (see liść)
  3. forms adverbs from adjectives, causes softening
    zwykły + ‎-e → ‎zwykle

Derived terms[edit]

See also[edit]

Further reading[edit]

  • -e in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Portuguese[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Representing French feminine nouns.

Pronunciation[edit]

 

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. forms the feminine of nouns
    Juliano + ‎-e → ‎Juliane

Etymology 2[edit]

A neologistic suffix that replaces -o and -a in nouns and adjectives.

Suffix[edit]

-e n (plural -es)

  1. (gender-neutral, neologism, informal) suffix used to form gender-neutral singular nouns
    Synonym: -x
    filho (son)/‎filha (daughter) + ‎-e → ‎filhe (child)
    moço (young man)/‎moça (young woman) + ‎-e → ‎moce (young)
    amigo (male friend)/‎amiga (female friend) + ‎-e → ‎amigue (friend)
    aluno (male student)/‎aluna (female student) + ‎-e → ‎alune (student)

Romani[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. Forms the nominative plural of vocalic oikoclitic masculine nouns
    ćhavo (Romani boy) + ‎-e → ‎ćhave (Romani boys)
  2. Forms the nominative plural of vocalic oikoclitic adjectives
  3. Forms the oblique of oikoclitic adjectives
  4. Attaches to the perfective stem to form the third-person plural past tense.

Usage notes[edit]

Few conservative dialects use -a to form the oblique feminine singular of oikoclitic adjectives.

Romanian[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Inherited from Latin -ae (first-declension ending).

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. (in the plural) -s (feminine/neuter)
Usage notes[edit]
  • This form of the plural is indefinite, and used for feminine nouns in the nominative/accusative and genitive/dative cases which end in , and some neuter nouns (with may or may not take plural -uri):
  • mame, from mamă, fem.
  • vise (also visuri), from vis, neut.
Alternative forms[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

Inherited from Latin -e (second-declension vocative ending).

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. Vocative singular (masculine/neuter)
    Oh!
Usage notes[edit]
  • This suffixed used with masculine and neuter definite nouns in -l and -ul:
bărbatul (masc.) + ‎-e → ‎bărbatule!
tatăl (masc.) + ‎-e → ‎tatăle!
visul (neut.) + ‎-e → ‎visule!
  • This suffix is absorbed in masculine and neuter definite nouns in -le:
fratele (masc.) + ‎-e → ‎fratele!
numele (neut.) + ‎-e → ‎numele!
Related terms[edit]

Etymology 3[edit]

Inherited from Latin -ere, the ending of the present active infinitive form of third conjugation verbs. Cognate with Spanish -er, Italian -ere, etc.

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. A suffix forming infinitives of many verbs.
Conjugation[edit]
Related terms[edit]

See also[edit]

Saterland Frisian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Old Frisian -a, from Proto-West Germanic *-ōn. Cognates include West Frisian -e and German -en.

Pronunciation[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-e (type 2 form -je)

  1. Used to form verbs from nouns and adjectives.

Conjugation[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

References[edit]

  • Horst Haider Munske, editor (2001), “Das Saterfriesische”, in Handbuch des Friesischen [Handbook of Frisian studies], Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag, →ISBN, page 414

Serbo-Croatian[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ę.

Suffix[edit]

-e (Cyrillic spelling )

  1. Suffix appended to words to create a neuter noun, usually denoting a young animal, plant, place name or is used as a collective noun.
Declension[edit]
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-e (Cyrillic spelling )

  1. Suffix appended to the truncated stem (up to the second syllable) of a proper name to create a masculine or feminine hypocoristic.
    Katarína + ‎-e → ‎Káte
    Màrija + ‎-e → ‎Máre
    Jȕrāj + ‎-e → ‎Júre
    Màtija + ‎-e → ‎Máte

Etymology 3[edit]

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-e, from Proto-Indo-European *-e, not a desinence per se but a thematic vowel in e-grade.

Suffix[edit]

-e (Cyrillic spelling )

  1. Suffix appended to the nominal stem to create vocative singular. Used for masculine and neuter a-stems.
    vȗk + ‎-e → ‎vȗče (vocative singular)

See also[edit]

Spanish[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Inherited from Latin -et, the third-person singular present active indicative ending of second conjugation verbs, and Latin -it, the third-person singular present active indicative ending of third and fourth conjugation verbs.

Suffix[edit]

-e (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)

  1. suffix indicating the third-person singular (also used with usted) present indicative of -er and -ir verbs

Etymology 2[edit]

Inherited from Latin -em, the first-person singular present active subjunctive ending of first conjugation verbs, and Latin -et, the third-person singular present active subjunctive ending of first conjugation verbs.

Suffix[edit]

-e (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)

  1. suffix indicating the first- and third-person singular present subjunctive of -ar verbs

Etymology 3[edit]

Inherited from Latin , Latin -e, and Latin , the second-person singular present active imperative endings of second, third, and fourth conjugation verbs, respectively.

Suffix[edit]

-e (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)

  1. suffix indicating the second-person singular imperative form of -er and -ir verbs

Etymology 4[edit]

Neologistic suffix between -a and -o.

Suffix[edit]

-e gender-neutral (noun-forming suffix, plural -es)

  1. (neologism) forms gender-neutral words
    hermano (brother)/‎hermana (sister) + ‎-e → ‎hermane (sibling)
    niño (boy)/‎niña (girl) + ‎-e → ‎niñe (child)
    amigo (male friend)/‎amiga (female friend) + ‎-e → ‎amigue (friend)
    abogado (male lawyer)/‎abogada (female lawyer) + ‎-e → ‎abogade (lawyer)
Derived terms[edit]
forms gender-neutral words

See also[edit]

Further reading[edit]

Swahili[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. (without TAM infix, with -si-, or with -ka-) subjunctive marker
    ili mwende nyumbanisuch that you would go home
    1. (without TAM infix) imperative marker
      ikumbukwelet it be remembered
Usage notes[edit]

Borrowed verbs with indicative form not ending in -a do not take this suffix.

See also[edit]

Swahili TAM markers
Initial
Positive infinitive ku-/kw-1
Negative infinitive kuto-
Habitual hu-1
Telegrammic ka-1
Final
General (positive indicative) -a
Positive subjunctive -e
Negative present -i
Second person plural -ni
Infix position
positive subject concord
Positive past -li-
Positive present -na-
Positive future -ta-
Negative subjunctive -si-1
Positive present conditional -nge-
Negative present conditional -singe-
Positive past conditional -ngali-
Negative past conditional -singali-
Gnomic -a-1
Perfect -me-
"Already" past -lisha-
"Already" present -mesha-/-sha-
"If/When" -ki-1
"If not" -sipo-
Consecutive -ka-1
Infix position
negative subject concord
Negative past -ku-1
Negative future -ta-
"Not yet" -ja-1
Negative present conditional -nge-
Negative past conditional -ngali-
Relative
Past -li-
Present -na-
Future -taka-
Negative -si-
1 Can take stress and therefore does not require -ku-/-kw- in monosyllabic verbs.

Etymology 2[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. suffix used to derive a noun denoting a person or object undergoing an action
    -vimba (to swell) + ‎-e → ‎uvimbe (swelling, expansion)
    -umba (to create) + ‎-e → ‎kiumbe (creature)

Swedish[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. Conjugates verbs into the subjunctive mood (archaic except for the past subjunctive of vara: vore)
  2. Marker of definiteness on past participles ending in -ad
  3. Marker of plural on past participles ending in -ad
  4. Marker of definiteness on superlatives ending in -ast
  5. Marker of definiteness on adjectives describing nouns with masculine semantic gender (sex)
  6. Creates diminutives of given names and certain nouns, -ie, -y
    Synonyms: -is, -a, -an
    frukost (breakfast) + ‎-e → ‎frugge (brekkie)
    fisk (fish) + ‎-e → ‎firre (fishie)
    Jonatan (Jonathan) + ‎-e → ‎Jonte (nickname of Jonatan)

Turkish[edit]

preceding vowel
A / I / O / U E / İ / Ö / Ü
postconsonantal -a -e
postvocalic -ya -ye

Etymology[edit]

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-ke.

Pronunciation[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-e (inflectional)

Form of -a after the vowels E / İ / Ö / Ü.

  1. to (puts the word into the dative case)

Tzotzil[edit]

Clitic[edit]

-e

  1. Phrase-final clitic used when an article precedes at least one word.
    ti vinikethe man

References[edit]

Ye'kwana[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-e

  1. Forms adverbs with a participle-like meaning from verbs; must be accompanied by the prefix t- and an indicator specifying the role of the verb argument to which the participle refers (intransitive argument w-, transitive agent n-, or transitive patient ∅-).
  2. Forms adverbs from verbs, expressing the purpose of the movement described by a main motion verb or copula to which the derived term becomes subordinate: in order to, for the purpose of, to, for

Usage notes[edit]

This suffix can trigger syllable reduction on the preceding syllable. The suffix takes the form -ke when the preceding syllable is reducible and has an onset of k, -ye when the preceding syllable ends in i, -e when it ends in u or ü or a reduced syllable, and -∅ (a null suffix) after other vowels (a, e, o, ö).

It is unclear if t- -e is best analyzed as an adverbializing circumfix or as a separate unspecified person prefix t- and adverbializing suffix -e.

The derivation expressing destination of motion also takes prefixes.

References[edit]

  • Cáceres, Natalia (2011), “-e”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana, Lyon, page 151–152, 154, 437