Appendix:Proto-Indo-European/dóru

This entry contains Proto-Indo-European reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Some argue that it's a deadjectival of *deru-, *drew- (“hard, firm, strong, solid”) with reflexes as Latin dūrus (“hard, rough”), Old English trum (“strong, firm”) and Ancient Greek δροόν (droon, “strong, mighty”).

Noun

*dóru n

1. tree

Declension

Declension of *dóru

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*dóru	*dórwih₁	*dóruh₂
Vocative	*dóru	*dórwih₁	*dóruh₂
Accusative	*dóru	*dórwih₁	*dóruh₂
Instrumental	*drúh₁	?	*drúbʰi
Dative	*dréwey	?	*drúmos
Ablative	*dréws	?	*drúmos
Genitive	*dréws	?	*dréwoHom
Locative	*dréw(i)	?	*drúsu

Descendants

• Albanian: dru "wood, tree" (< *druwa < *druh₂o)
• Anatolian:
  • Hittite: 𒋫𒊒 (taru), 𒋫𒀀𒊒 (tāru)
  • Luwian: 𒋫𒀀𒊒 (tāru)
• Armenian: < *sm̥-dVru- (?)
  • Old Armenian: անտառ (antaṙ) (“forest”)
• Balto-Slavic: *der(H)wom
  • Latvian: dar̂va "pitch"
  • Lithuanian: dervà "tar, resin", drevė "tree hollow"
  • Slavic: *dervo < PBSl. *der(H)wom; *drъvo "wood" < PIE (collective) *druh₂-
• Celtic:
  • *daru; -a- from oblique *darwos < *drwos
    • Old Irish: daur
      • Irish: dair
    • Welsh: dâr
  • *derwom
    • Breton: derv
    • Cornish: derow
    • Welsh: derw
• Germanic: *trewą < *dréwom
  • Old English: trēow "tree"
    • English: tree
  • Old Frisian: trē
  • Old Norse: tré
    • Danish: træ
    • Faroese: træ
    • Icelandic: tré
    • Norwegian: tre
    • Swedish: trä
  • Old Saxon: treo
  • Gothic: 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌿 (triu)
• Greek:
  • Mycenaean Greek: 𐀉𐀬𐀵𐀗 (du-ru-to-mo) /dru-tomoi/ "treecutters" < zero-grade *dr̥u
  • Ancient Greek: δόρυ (dóry) "tree trunk, wood; spear" < *dóru
  • Ancient Greek: δρῦς (drỹs) "tree, oak" < (collective) *druh₂-
• Indo-Iranian: *dāru < *dóru
  • Indic:
    • Sanskrit: दारु (dā́ru) "wood" (gen. dróḥ < *dr-éu-s); द्रु (drú) "tree, branch" < zero-grade *dr̥u
  • Iranian:
    • Avestan: 𐬛𐬁𐬎𐬭𐬎 (dāuru) (gen. draoš)
    • Kurdish: dar / дар/دار
    • Old Persian: 𐎭𐎠𐎽𐎺 (dāruv)
      • Middle Persian: dār
        • New Persian: دار dār
• Tocharian: or, with unexplained loss of inital /d/ [though this is disputed by some. Please view appendix notes to this entry for an indication.]
  • Tocharian A: or "wood"
  • Tocharian B: or "wood", (pl) ārwa "firewood"