Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/arbaidiz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From earlier *arbaiþiz. Apparently linked to a verb *arbijaną, *arbāną (“be orphaned”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃órbʰos (“orphan”). Compare, with a different suffix, Proto-Slavic *orbota (“work”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɑr.βɑi̯.ðiz/

Noun

*arbaidiz f

1. labour, work, toil
2. hardship, suffering

Inflection

i-stemDeclension of *arbaidiz (i-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*arbaidiz	*arbaidīz
vocative	*arbaidi	*arbaidīz
accusative	*arbaidį	*arbaidinz
genitive	*arbaidīz	*arbaidijǫ̂
dative	*arbaidī	*arbaidimaz
instrumental	*arbaidī	*arbaidimiz

Derived terms

• *arbaidiją
• *arbaidijaną

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *arbaiþi
  • Old English: earfoþe, earfeþe, earfod
    • Middle English: arveð
  • Old Frisian: arbēd
    • Saterland Frisian: Oarbaid
    • West Frisian: arbeid
  • Old Saxon: arvēd, arƀed, arvid
    • Middle Low German: arbet, arbeit, arvêd, arveid
      • German Low German: Arbeid, Arbeit
      • → Icelandic: arbeiði, arbeið
      • → Faroese: arbeiði
      • → Norwegian: arbeid
      • → Old Swedish: arbeide, arbeyd, arbede, arbeyte, arbeyt, arbete, ærbete, arbet
        • Swedish: arbete
      • → Danish: arbejde
  • Old Dutch: aruith, aruit, arbeit
    • Middle Dutch: arbeit
      • Dutch: arbeid
        • Afrikaans: arbeid
      • Limburgish: arbeid
  • Old High German: arbeit, arabeit
    • Middle High German: arebeit, erebeit, arbeit, erbeit
      • Bavarian:

        Cimbrian: arbat, èrbot

        Mòcheno: òrbet

      • Hunsrik: Aarvet
      • Upper Saxon German: Orbeid
      • German: Arbeit
        • → Japanese: アルバイト (arubaito, “part-time job”), バイト (baito)
        • → Korean: 아르바이트 (areubaiteu)
      • Luxembourgish: Aarbecht
      • Rhine Franconian:

        Hessian: Abeit

        Pennsylvania German: Arewet

      • Yiddish: אַרבעט (arbet)
• Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍃 (arbaiþs)