Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gawjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

• *gauijaną

Etymology

Unclear. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰewH- (“to call, invoke”), related to Proto-Slavic *zъvati (“to call”). Or from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₂w- (“to gape, yawn”), related to Lithuanian gomurỹs (“palate”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɣɑu̯.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*gawjaną

1. to bark
2. to shout, scream, or yell at

Inflection

Conjugation of *gawjaną (strong class 6 j-present)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*gawjō	*gawjaų	—	*gawjai	?
2nd singular	*gawisi	*gawjais	*gawi	*gawjasai	*gawjaisau
3rd singular	*gawiþi	*gawjai	*gawjaþau	*gawjaþai	*gawjaiþau
1st dual	*gawjōs	*gawjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*gawjaþiz	*gawjaiþiz	*gawjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*gawjamaz	*gawjaim	—	*gawjanþai	*gawjainþau
2nd plural	*gawiþ	*gawjaiþ	*gawiþ	*gawjanþai	*gawjainþau
3rd plural	*gawjanþi	*gawjain	*gawjanþau	*gawjanþai	*gawjainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*gōw	*gōwį̄
2nd singular	*gōwt	*gōwīz
3rd singular	*gōw	*gōwī
1st dual	*gōwū	*gōwīw
2nd dual	*gōwudiz	*gōwīdiz
1st plural	*gōwum	*gōwīm
2nd plural	*gōwud	*gōwīd
3rd plural	*gōwun	*gōwīn
	present	past
participles	*gawjandz	*gawanaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *gauwjan, *gauijan
  • Old English: ġēġan, ġēn, ġǣn
    • Middle English: ȝeȝen, ȝeiȝen, ȝeien, yeyen
  • Old Frisian: *gēia
    • >? West Frisian: geie
  • ⇒ Old High German: *gouwezzen
    • Middle High German: *gouezen, *gouzen
      • German: gauzen
  • ⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *gauwōn, *gauōn
    • Old English: *ġēowian, ġēoian, ġōian
• Old Norse: geyja
  • Icelandic: geyja
  • Faroese: goyggja
  • Norwegian Bokmål: gjø
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: gøy
  • Danish: gø