驚愕

See also: 惊愕

Chinese

		to startle; to be frightened; to be scared to startle; to be frightened; to be scared; alarm	startled
trad. (驚愕)		驚	愕
simp. (惊愕)		惊	愕

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jīng'è

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄥ ㄜˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): ging¹ ngok⁶

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jīng'è
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥ ㄜˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jing-è
    • Wade–Giles: ching¹-o⁴
    • Yale: jīng-è
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jingeh
    • Palladius: цзинъэ (czinʺe)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ˀɤ⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: ging¹ ngok⁶
    • Yale: gīng ngohk
    • Cantonese Pinyin: ging¹ ngok⁹
    • Guangdong Romanization: ging¹ ngog⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɪŋ⁵⁵ ŋɔːk̚²/

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• Middle Chinese: kjaeng ngak

Rime
Character	驚	愕
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	庚 (111)	鐸 (103)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	舉卿切	五各切
Baxter	kjaeng	ngak
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠiæŋ/	/ŋɑk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/kᵚiaŋ/	/ŋɑk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/kiaŋ/	/ŋɑk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kiajŋ/	/ŋak̚/
Li Rong	/kiɐŋ/	/ŋɑk̚/
Wang Li	/kĭɐŋ/	/ŋɑk̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/ki̯ɐŋ/	/ŋɑk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jīng	è
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ging1	ngok6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*kreŋ  N-qʰˤak/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kreŋ  ŋaːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	驚	愕
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jīng	è
Middle Chinese	‹ kjæng ›	‹ ngak ›
Old Chinese	/*kreŋ/	/*N-qʰˁak/
English	be afraid	scared
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	驚	愕
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	6877	9466
Phonetic component	敬	屰
Rime group	耕	鐸
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	驚	咢
Old Chinese	/*kreŋ/	/*ŋaːɡ/

Verb

驚愕

1. to be stunned; to be astonished; to be stupefied

Synonyms

• 吃一驚／吃一惊 (chīyījīng)
• 吃驚／吃惊 (chījīng)
• 嚇一跳／吓一跳 (xiàyītiào)
• 大吃一驚／大吃一惊 (dàchīyījīng)
• 著驚／著惊 (Hakka, Quanzhou Hokkien)
• 震動／震动 (zhèndòng) (literary)
• 震驚／震惊 (zhènjīng)
• 食驚／食惊 (Hokkien)
• 驚嚇／惊吓 (Hokkien, Teochew)
• 驚懾／惊慑 (Quanzhou Hokkien)

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (驚愕):

• → Japanese: 驚(きょう)愕(がく) (kyōgaku)
• → Korean: 경악(驚愕) (gyeong'ak)
• → Vietnamese: kinh ngạc (驚愕)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
驚	愕
きょう Grade: S	がく Hyōgaiji
on’yomi

Alternative spelling
驚がく

Noun

驚(きょう)愕(がく) • (kyōgaku) 

1. astonishment

Verb

驚(きょう)愕(がく)する • (kyōgaku suru) suru (stem 驚(きょう)愕(がく)し (kyōgaku shi), past 驚(きょう)愕(がく)した (kyōgaku shita))

1. to be stunned, to be flabbergasted

Conjugation

Conjugation of "驚愕する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	驚愕し	きょうがくし	kyōgaku shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	驚愕し	きょうがくし	kyōgaku shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	驚愕する	きょうがくする	kyōgaku suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	驚愕する	きょうがくする	kyōgaku suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	驚愕すれ	きょうがくすれ	kyōgaku sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	驚愕せよ¹ 驚愕しろ²	きょうがくせよ¹ きょうがくしろ²	kyōgaku seyo¹ kyōgaku shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	驚愕される	きょうがくされる	kyōgaku sareru
Causative	驚愕させる 驚愕さす	きょうがくさせる きょうがくさす	kyōgaku saseru kyōgaku sasu
Potential	驚愕できる	きょうがくできる	kyōgaku dekiru
Volitional	驚愕しよう	きょうがくしよう	kyōgaku shiyō
Negative	驚愕しない	きょうがくしない	kyōgaku shinai
Negative continuative	驚愕せず	きょうがくせず	kyōgaku sezu
Formal	驚愕します	きょうがくします	kyōgaku shimasu
Perfective	驚愕した	きょうがくした	kyōgaku shita
Conjunctive	驚愕して	きょうがくして	kyōgaku shite
Hypothetical conditional	驚愕すれば	きょうがくすれば	kyōgaku sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Korean

Hanja in this term
驚	愕

Noun

驚愕 • (gyeong'ak) (hangeul 경악)

1. Hanja form^? of 경악 (“astonishment”).

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
驚	愕

Verb

驚愕

1. chữ Hán form of kinh ngạc (“to be astonished; to be surprised”).