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Translingual
[edit]Etymology
[edit]The journal Anthropos created a phonetic alphabet, published in 1907, for its authors to use. The letters for clicks were rotated letters for the corresponding stops: turned-p for labial clicks, alveolar ⟨ʇ⟩, palatal ⟨ɔ⟩ and velar ⟨ʞ⟩. The IPA adopted ⟨ʇ⟩ in 1928, from a proposal by Jones in 1921.
Symbol
[edit]ʇ
- (pre-1989 IPA) the forward release of a dental click; superseded by ⟨ǀ⟩.
- (superscript ⟨⟩, IPA) [ʇ]-coloring, or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ʇ]-release.
Usage notes
[edit]In IPA, ⟨ʇ⟩ is technically only the forward clicked release, not the entire consonant. A full transcription of a click consonant requires a second letter to specify whether the rear closure is velar or uvular, and whether the click is voiced or nasal:
Velar Uvular Voiceless k͜ʇ q͜ʇ Voiced ɡ͜ʇ ɢ͜ʇ Nasal ŋ͜ʇ ɴ͜ʇ
The tie bar may be omitted, and the accompanying letter may be superscripted.
If the order is reversed, e.g. ⟨ʇ͜q⟩, that may imply that the velar or uvular release is audible (delayed release).
Beach used simple ⟨ʇ⟩ for the Khoekhoe voiceless oral click [k͜ʇ] and ⟨𝼍⟩ for the voiced nasal click [ŋ͜ʇ].
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- Beach, Douglas (1938). The phonetics of the Hottentot language. London: W. Heffer & Sons.
- Jones, Daniel (1921) L'écriture phonétique internationale (2nd ed.). Association Phonétique Internationale.
- Schmidt, P. W. (1907). "Die Sprachlaute und ihre Darstellung in einem allgemeinen linguistischen Alphabet (Schluß) / Les sons du langage et leur représentation dans un alphabet linguistique général (Conclusion)". Anthropos 2 (5). Translated by Hermes, P. J.: 3-page insert between 1098 and 1099. JSTOR: 40442261.
Dakota
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Letter
[edit]ʇ (upper case Ʇ)