ᴈ

ᴈ U+1D08, ᴈ LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED OPEN E ← ᴇ [U+1D07] Phonetic Extensions ᴉ → [U+1D09]

Character variations

ᵌ U+1D4C, ᵌ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TURNED OPEN E ← ᵋ [U+1D4B] Phonetic Extensions ᵍ → [U+1D4D]

See also: ɜ [U+025C LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED OPEN E] and Appendix:Variations of "e"

Translingual

Alternative forms

(IPA): The letter was adopted into the IPA in 1921 as a turned epsilon ⟨ᴈ⟩. Sometime between the IPA chart published in 1957 and the 1989 Kiel Convention, it started to be rendered as a reversed epsilon ⟨ɜ⟩, its current form.

Etymology

The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet makes regular use of 180°-rotation to denote a reduced form of a given sound.

Symbol

ᴈ

1. (IPA, obsolete) An open-mid central unrounded vowel.
2. (superscript ⟨ᶟ⟩, IPA) [ᴈ]-coloring or a weak, fleeting, epenthetic or echo [ᴈ].
3. (UPA) a reduced [ɛ].
4. (superscript ⟨ᶟ⟩, UPA) A minimal [ᴈ] vowel.