ꜜ
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Translingual
[edit]Symbol
[edit]ꜜ
- (IPA) downstep
- Synonym: ꜝ (Africanist notation)
- (non-IPA, sometimes used in Japanese transcription) the pitch fall after an accented mora in Japanese
- Synonym: ⌝ (Japanese dictionaries)
Usage notes
[edit]The IPA defines the raised down arrow as a symbol for downstep,[1] a term for processes that cause an underlying high tone/pitch or accent to be realized with a lowered tone in certain phonological conditions (for example, after a low tone or after another high tone). Downstep phenomena occur in various languages, such as Akan[2], Tswana[3], and Japanese.[4][5]
The symbol ꜜ has an unrelated use found in some transcriptions of Japanese, where it marks the fall in pitch after an accented mora in a word (the accented mora is high pitch, and the following unaccented moras are low pitch).[6] This is distinct from downstep, which is found in Japanese as a process where in phrases containing more than one accent, the latter accent is sometimes lowered compared to the first.[7]
References
[edit]- ^ “Full IPA Chart”, in www.internationalphoneticassociation.org[1], International Phonetic Association, 2015
- ^ Genzel, Susanne; Kügler, Frank (2011), “Phonetic Realization of Automatic (Downdrift) and Non-automatic Downstep in Akan”, in Online Proceedings of the ICPhS XVII 2011[2]
- ^ Zerbian, Sabine; Kügler, Frank (2015), “Downstep in Tswana (Southern Bantu)”, in Proceedings of ICPhS 2015[3]
- ^ Manami Hirayama; Hyun Kyung Hwang; Takaomi Kato (2019), “Lexical category in downstep in Japanese”, in Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences[4]
- ^ Kei Furukawa; Yuki Hirose (2019), “Boundary-Driven Downstep in Japanese”, in Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences[5]
- ^ Vance, Timothy (2008), The Sounds of Japanese, page 143: “The accent in a Japanese word is marked by a steep drop from a relatively high pitch to a relatively low pitch, and the place in the word where the drop occurs can be marked with a downward-pointing arrow.”
- ^ Vance, Timothy (2008), The Sounds of Japanese, page 182:
- This lowering of the peak pitch of the second phrase within a longer phrase is called CATATHESIS or DOWNSTEP, and when more than two accent phrases are combined into a single longer phrase, the phrase in third position has a lower peak pitch than it would have in second position, the phrase in fourth position has a lower peak than it would have in third position, and so on.