-돗-
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Middle Korean
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Has a wide range of allomorphs, all of which occur in complementary distribution:
- 돗〮 (-twós-) following a bare verb stem (except the copula)
- 롯〮 (-lwós-) following 이〮 (í-, copula), 으〮니〮 (-úní-), and 으〮리〮 (-úlí-).
- 옷〮 (-wós-) following ᄂᆞ (-nò-), 더〮 (-té-), and 거 (-ke-)
- 앗〮 (-ás-) following 으시〮 (-ùsí-), making 으샷〮 (-ùsyás-)
Etymology
[edit]Unknown. Maybe grammaticalized from a verb stem, as it is one of the strong endings which makes a preceding high~low alternating monosyllabic verb stem surface as high tone.[1] However, there is no verb that looks like 돗 in Middle Korean.
Suffix
[edit]돗〮 (-twós-)
- A suffix which expresses mirativity; indicates the speaker's surprise or the unpreparedness of their mind upon realizing or learning new information.[2] Commonly called the emotive suffix.
- 1459, 석보상절 (釋譜詳節), volume 6:
- 忽然히〮 부텨 向ᄒᆞᆫ ᄆᆞᅀᆞᄆᆞᆯ〮 니즈〮니〮 누〮니〮 도로 어듭〮거늘 제〯 너교〮ᄃᆡ〮 바ᄆᆡ〮 가〮다가〮 귓것과〮 모〯딘〮 쥬ᇰᄉᆡᇰ이〮 므ᅀᅴ〮엽도〮소니 므스〮므라〮 바ᄆᆡ〮 나〮오〮나뇨
- As he forgot his thoughts towards Buddha, his vision became dark again. He realized, 'I am scared of the ghosts and fierce creatures while travelling at night!', and wondered 'Why have I come out at night?'
Usage notes
[edit]- The emotive suffix 돗〮 (-twós-) does not combine with the modulator 오〮 (-wó-). The apparent element 오 that appears as if it's following the variants of 돗〮 (-twós-) can be explained in two ways:
- An epenthetic vowel ᄋᆞ following 돗〮 (-twós-), 롯〮 (-lwós-), or 놋〮 (-nwós-) assimilates in vowel roundedness, making the apparent forms 도〮소〮, 로〮소〮, and 노〮소〮.
- Endings that contain 옷〮~ㅅ (-wós-~-s-, plural verbal suffix), e.g. ᄉᆞᆫ〮다〮 (-sóntá, 2nd person plural question suffix), 소〮라〮 (-swólá, declarative 1st person plural suffix), ᄉᆞ〮라〮 (-sólá, plural imperative suffix), 다〮소〮니〮 (-táswóní, retrospective 1st person plural sequential suffix), etc, are often conflated with the emotive suffix 돗〮 (-twós-), but they should be differentiated.
Derived terms
[edit]- 노〮소〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (-nwóswóngìtá, declarative polite emotive processive suffix)
- 놋〮다〮 (-nwóstá, declarative emotive processive suffix)
- 다〮ᄉᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (-tásóngìtá, declarative polite emotive retrospective suffix)
- 도〮다〮 (-twótá, declarative emotive suffix)
- 도〮소〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (-twóswóngìtá, declarative polite emotive suffix)
- 도〮소〮니〮 (-twóswóní, emotive sequential suffix)