Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xvala

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Probably a borrowing from a Scythian descendant of Proto-Iranian *húHarnah. Perhaps related to Proto-Germanic *haliþaz (“hero”).

Noun

*xvala f

1. praise
2. thanks

Declension

Declension of *xvala (hard a-stem)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*xvala	*xvalě	*xvaly
genitive	*xvaly	*xvalu	*xvalъ
dative	*xvalě	*xvalama	*xvalamъ
accusative	*xvalǫ	*xvalě	*xvaly
instrumental	*xvalojǫ, *xvalǫ**	*xvalama	*xvalami
locative	*xvalě	*xvalu	*xvalasъ, *xvalaxъ*
vocative	*xvalo	*xvalě	*xvaly

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Derived terms

• *xvaliti

Descendants

• Old East Slavic: хвала (xvala)
  • Belarusian: хвала́ (xvalá)
  • Russian: хвала́ (xvalá)
  • Ukrainian: хвала́ (xvalá)

• South Slavic
  • Old Church Slavonic: хвала (xvala)
    • Bulgarian: хвала (hvala)
    • Macedonian: фала (fala)
    • Serbo-Croatian:

      Cyrillic script: хва́ла

      Latin script: hvála

  • Slovene hvála (tonal orthography)
  • → Hungarian: hála

• West Slavic
  • Old Czech: chvála
    • Czech: chvála
  • Polish: chwała
  • Slovak: chvála
  • Sorbian

    Lower Sorbian: chwała

    Upper Sorbian: khwała

Further reading

• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1981), “*xvala”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 8 (*xa – *jьvьlga), Moscow: Nauka, page 118
• Chernykh, P. Ja. (1993) “хвала”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), 3rd edition, volume 2 (панцирь – ящур), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 335
• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “хвала”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• В. В. Мартынов (1981) “Балто-славяно-иранские языковые отношения и глоттогенез славян: slava – xvala 'выражение благодарности'.”, in Балто-славянские исследования. 1980., Moscow: Nauka, page 25