Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/bidreugan

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *bi- +‎ *dreuganą.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /biˈdreu̯.ɣɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*bidreugan

1. to deceive, cheat

Inflection

Conjugation of *bidreuganą (strong class 2)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*bidreugō	*bidreugaų	—	*bidreugai	?
2nd singular	*bidriugizi	*bidreugaiz	*bidreug	*bidreugazai	*bidreugaizau
3rd singular	*bidriugidi	*bidreugai	*bidreugadau	*bidreugadai	*bidreugaidau
1st dual	*bidreugōz	*bidreugaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*bidreugadiz	*bidreugaidiz	*bidreugadiz	—	—
1st plural	*bidreugamaz	*bidreugaim	—	*bidreugandai	*bidreugaindau
2nd plural	*bidriugid	*bidreugaid	*bidriugid	*bidreugandai	*bidreugaindau
3rd plural	*bidreugandi	*bidreugain	*bidreugandau	*bidreugandai	*bidreugaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*bidraug	*bidrugį̄
2nd singular	*bidrauht	*bidrugīz
3rd singular	*bidraug	*bidrugī
1st dual	*bidrugū	*bidrugīw
2nd dual	*bidrugudiz	*bidrugīdiz
1st plural	*bidrugum	*bidrugīm
2nd plural	*bidrugud	*bidrugīd
3rd plural	*bidrugun	*bidrugīn
	present	past
participles	*bidreugandz	*bidruganaz

Descendants

• Old Frisian: bidriāga
  • Saterland Frisian: bedrjooge
  • West Frisian: bedrage
• Old Saxon: bidriogan
  • Middle Low German: bedrêgen
    • Low German: bedregen
    • Plautdietsch: bedroagen
    • → Danish: bedrage
    • → Swedish: bedraga, later through apocopy bedra
    • → Norwegian:
      • Norwegian Bokmål: bedrage, later through apocopy bedra
      • Norwegian Nynorsk: bedrage, bedraga, later through apocopy bedra
• Old Dutch: bedriegan
  • Middle Dutch: bedriegen
    • Dutch: bedriegen
      • → West Frisian: bedrige
• Old High German: bitriogan
  • Middle High German: betriegen
    • German: betrügen