Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-yós
Proto-Indo-European
Suffix
*(Ø)-yós[1]
- Creates adjectives from noun (e.g. *diwyós) or verb (e.g. *kagʰyós/*kagʰyóm) stems.
Usage notes
When affixed to athematic nouns, the thematic vowel of the suffix was stressed and the noun appeared in the oblique stem. When affixed to thematic nouns, the thematic vowel of the noun was dropped; accent remained on the noun stem if the thematic vowel was not originally accented.
Inflection
Thematic | |||
---|---|---|---|
masculine | feminine | ||
nominative | *(Ø)-yós | *(Ø)-yéh₂ | |
genitive | *(Ø)-yósyo | *(Ø)-yéh₂s | |
masculine | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *(Ø)-yós | *(Ø)-yóh₁ | *(Ø)-yóes |
vocative | *(Ø)-yé | *(Ø)-yóh₁ | *(Ø)-yóes |
accusative | *(Ø)-yóm | *(Ø)-yóh₁ | *(Ø)-yóms |
genitive | *(Ø)-yósyo | *? | *(Ø)-yóHom |
ablative | *(Ø)-yéad | *? | *(Ø)-yómos |
dative | *(Ø)-yóey | *? | *(Ø)-yómos |
locative | *(Ø)-yéy, *(Ø)-yóy | *? | *(Ø)-yóysu |
instrumental | *(Ø)-yóh₁ | *? | *(Ø)-yṓys |
feminine | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *(Ø)-yéh₂ | *(Ø)-yéh₂h₁(e) | *(Ø)-yéh₂es |
vocative | *(Ø)-yéh₂ | *(Ø)-yéh₂h₁(e) | *(Ø)-yéh₂es |
accusative | *(Ø)-yā́m | *(Ø)-yéh₂h₁(e) | *(Ø)-yéh₂m̥s |
genitive | *(Ø)-yéh₂s | *? | *(Ø)-yéh₂oHom |
ablative | *(Ø)-yéh₂s | *? | *(Ø)-yéh₂mos |
dative | *(Ø)-yéh₂ey | *? | *(Ø)-yéh₂mos |
locative | *(Ø)-yéh₂, *(Ø)-yéh₂i | *? | *(Ø)-yéh₂su |
instrumental | *(Ø)-yéh₂h₁ | *? | *(Ø)-yéh₂mis |
neuter | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *(Ø)-yóm | *(Ø)-yóy(h₁) | *(Ø)-yéh₂ |
vocative | *(Ø)-yóm | *(Ø)-yóy(h₁) | *(Ø)-yéh₂ |
accusative | *(Ø)-yóm | *(Ø)-yóy(h₁) | *(Ø)-yéh₂ |
genitive | *(Ø)-yósyo | *? | *(Ø)-yóHom |
ablative | *(Ø)-yéad | *? | *(Ø)-yómos |
dative | *(Ø)-yóey | *? | *(Ø)-yómos |
locative | *(Ø)-yéy, *(Ø)-yóy | *? | *(Ø)-yóysu |
instrumental | *(Ø)-yóh₁ | *? | *(Ø)-yṓys |
Derived terms
- *e-yós
Descendants
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-jas
- Proto-Slavic: *-jь (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: -ιος (-ios)
- Italic:
- Latin: -ius
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-yás
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN