Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/tǫga

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Equivalent to the o-grade of *tęgti (“to pull”) +‎ *-a. Cognate to Proto-Albanian *tangā (whence Albanian tangë).

Noun

*tǭgà f

1. sadness, melancholy

Inflection

Declension of *tǭgà (hard a-stem, accent paradigm b)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*tǭgà	*tǫ̃dzě	*tǭgỳ
genitive	*tǭgỳ	*tǭgù	*tǫ̃gъ
dative	*tǭdzě̀	*tǭgàma	*tǭgàmъ
accusative	*tǭgǫ̀	*tǫ̃dzě	*tǭgỳ
instrumental	*tǭgòjǫ, *tǫ̃gǫ**	*tǭgàma	*tǭgàmī
locative	*tǭdzě̀	*tǭgù	*tǭgàsъ, *tǭgàxъ*
vocative	*tǫgo	*tǫ̃dzě	*tǭgỳ

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Related terms

• *tędzati (“to pull, extract”)
• *tęgnǫti (“to pull”)
• *tęgъ / *tęga (“traction, weight”)
• *tęžьkъ (“heavy”)

• *tęťi (“to pull”)
• *tęželъ
• *tǫgъ (“tight, solid, tough”)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: туга (tuga)
    • Belarusian: ту́га (túha)
    • Russian: туга́ (tugá), ту́га (túga) (dialectal)
    • Ukrainian: ту́га (túha)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Old Cyrillic script: тѫга (tǫga)

    Glagolitic script: ⱅⱘⰳⰰ (tǫga)

  • Bulgarian: тъга́ (tǎgá)
  • Macedonian: тага (taga)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: ту́га

    Latin script: túga

    • Chakavian : tūgȁ, tȗga
    • Chakavian : tūgȁ, tȗga
  • Slovene: toga
• West Slavic:
  • Czech: touha
  • Polish: tęga
  • Slovak: túha
  • Sorbian:
    • Upper Sorbian: tuha

References

• Derksen, Rick (2008) “*tǭgà”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 495
• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “туга́”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress