Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/ɸlengeti

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

A conflation of Proto-Indo-European *h₁lengʷʰ- (“light; move lightly”) and another verb with initial *ɸ derived from the root of Proto-Germanic *springaną (“to spring, jump, burst”).^[1]^[2] See the Proto-Germanic entry for further etymology.

Another theory by Kroonen derives the root from a nasal-infixed zero-grade of Proto-Indo-European *leyg- (“to jump around, bounce, shake, tremble”),^[3] though this does not seem to be favored by Celticists.

Verb

*ɸlengeti^[2]

to jump

Declension

Thematic present, suffixless preterite
Active voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*ɸlengū	*ɸlengemam	*ɸiblanxsū	*ɸeblonga
2nd singular	*ɸlengesi	*ɸlengetās	*ɸiblanxsesi	*ɸeblongas?
3rd singular	*ɸlengeti	*ɸlengeto	*ɸiblanxseti	*ɸeblonge
1st plural	*ɸlengomosi	*ɸlengemo	*ɸiblanxsomosi	*ɸeblongmo
2nd plural	*ɸlengetesi	*ɸlengestē	*ɸiblanxsetesi	*ɸeblonxte
3rd plural	*ɸlengonti	*ɸlengento	*ɸiblanxsonti	*ɸeblongars
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*ɸlenxsū	?	—
2nd singular	*ɸlenxsesi	?	*ɸlenge
3rd singular	*ɸlenxseti	?	*ɸlengetou
1st plural	*ɸlenxsomosi	?	*ɸlengomos
2nd plural	*ɸlenxsetesi	?	*ɸlengete
3rd plural	*ɸlenxsonti	?	*ɸlengontou
Passive voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*ɸlengūr	—	*ɸiblanxsūr	*ɸeblongra
2nd singular	*ɸlengetar	—	*ɸiblanxsetar	*ɸeblongras?
3rd singular	*ɸlengetor	?	*ɸiblanxsetor	*ɸeblongre
1st plural	*ɸlengommor	—	*ɸiblanxsommor	?
2nd plural	*ɸlengedwe	—	*ɸiblanxsedwe	?
3rd plural	*ɸlengontor	?	*ɸiblanxsontor	?
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*ɸlenxsūr	—	—
2nd singular	*ɸlenxsetar	—	—
3rd singular	*ɸlenxsetor	—	—
1st plural	*ɸlenxsommor	—	—
2nd plural	*ɸlenxsedwe	—	—
3rd plural	*ɸlenxsontor	—	—

Declension of the present participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ɸlengonts	*ɸlengonte	*ɸlengontes
vocative	*ɸlengonts	*ɸlengonte	*ɸlengontes
accusative	*ɸlengontam	*ɸlengonte	*ɸlengontans
genitive	*ɸlengantos	*?	*ɸlengantom
dative	*ɸlengantei	*ɸlengantbom	*ɸlengantbos
instrumental	*ɸlengantī?	*ɸlengantbim	*ɸlengantbis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ɸlengantī	*ɸlengantī	*ɸlengantiyās
vocative	*ɸlengantī	*ɸlengantī	*ɸlengantiyās
accusative	*ɸlengantīm	*ɸlengantī	*ɸlengantiyans
genitive	*ɸlengantyās	*?	*ɸlengantyom
dative	*ɸlengantyāi	*ɸlengantyābom	*ɸlengantyābos
instrumental	*?	*ɸlengantyābim	*ɸlengantyābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ɸlengont	*?	*ɸlengonta
vocative	*ɸlengont	*?	*ɸlengonta
accusative	*ɸlengont	*?	*ɸlengonta
genitive	*ɸlengantos	*?	*ɸlengantom
dative	*ɸlengantei	*?	*ɸlengantbos
instrumental	*ɸlengantī?	*?	*ɸlengantbis

Declension of the middle participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ɸlengomnos	*ɸlengomnou	*ɸlengomnoi
vocative	*ɸlengomne	*ɸlengomnou	*ɸlengomnoi
accusative	*ɸlengomnom	*ɸlengomnou	*ɸlengomnons
genitive	*ɸlengomnī	*ɸlengomnous	*ɸlengomnom
dative	*ɸlengomnūi	*ɸlengomnobom	*ɸlengomnobos
instrumental	*ɸlengomnū	*ɸlengomnobim	*ɸlengomnobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ɸlengomnā	*ɸlengomnai	*ɸlengomnās
vocative	*ɸlengomnā	*ɸlengomnai	*ɸlengomnās
accusative	*ɸlengomnam	*ɸlengomnai	*ɸlengomnans
genitive	*ɸlengomnās	*ɸlengomnous	*ɸlengomnom
dative	*ɸlengomnai	*ɸlengomnābom	*ɸlengomnābos
instrumental	*?	*ɸlengomnābim	*ɸlengomnābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ɸlengomnom	*ɸlengomnou	*ɸlengomnā
vocative	*ɸlengomnom	*ɸlengomnou	*ɸlengomnā
accusative	*ɸlengomnom	*ɸlengomnou	*ɸlengomnā
genitive	*ɸlengomnī	*ɸlengomnous	*ɸlengomnom
dative	*ɸlengomnūi	*ɸlengomnobom	*ɸlengomnobos
instrumental	*ɸlengomnū	*ɸlengomnobim	*ɸlengomnobis

Declension of the past participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ɸlanxtos	*ɸlanxtou	*ɸlanxtoi
vocative	*ɸlanxte	*ɸlanxtou	*ɸlanxtoi
accusative	*ɸlanxtom	*ɸlanxtou	*ɸlanxtons
genitive	*ɸlanxtī	*ɸlanxtous	*ɸlanxtom
dative	*ɸlanxtūi	*ɸlanxtobom	*ɸlanxtobos
instrumental	*ɸlanxtū	*ɸlanxtobim	*ɸlanxtobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ɸlanxtā	*ɸlanxtai	*ɸlanxtās
vocative	*ɸlanxtā	*ɸlanxtai	*ɸlanxtās
accusative	*ɸlanxtam	*ɸlanxtai	*ɸlanxtans
genitive	*ɸlanxtās	*ɸlanxtous	*ɸlanxtom
dative	*ɸlanxtai	*ɸlanxtābom	*ɸlanxtābos
instrumental	*?	*ɸlanxtābim	*ɸlanxtābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ɸlanxtom	*ɸlanxtou	*ɸlanxtā
vocative	*ɸlanxtom	*ɸlanxtou	*ɸlanxtā
accusative	*ɸlanxtom	*ɸlanxtou	*ɸlanxtā
genitive	*ɸlanxtī	*ɸlanxtous	*ɸlanxtom
dative	*ɸlanxtūi	*ɸlanxtobom	*ɸlanxtobos
instrumental	*ɸlanxtū	*ɸlanxtobim	*ɸlanxtobis

Alternative reconstructions

*lengeti^[4]^[5] (fails to explain the preterite with -b-)

Related terms

*lanxsman

Descendants

Old Irish: lingid
- Middle Irish: lingid
  - Irish: ling
- ⇒ Middle Irish: léimmid (denominal from the verbal noun)
  - Irish: léim
  - Scottish Gaelic: leum
Gaulish: *lingeti
- Gaulish: *Lingones^[6]
  - → Latin: Lingones
    - French: Langres

References

^ Gordon, Randall Clark (2012), Derivational Morphology of the Early Irish Verbal Noun, Los Angeles: University of California, 3.1.74, page 245
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Schumacher, Stefan; Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004), Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 522-524
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*laikan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 323
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*leng-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 237
^ Koch, John (2004), “*long-(e)je/o-”, in English–Proto-Celtic Word-list with attested comparanda‎^[2], University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies, page 188
^ Delamarre, Xavier (2003), “ling-”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 203

[1] Gordon, Randall Clark (2012), Derivational Morphology of the Early Irish Verbal Noun, Los Angeles: University of California, 3.1.74, page 245

[KPV-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Schumacher, Stefan; Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004), Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 522-524

[3] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*laikan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 323

[Matasovic-4] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*leng-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 237

[5] Koch, John (2004), “*long-(e)je/o-”, in English–Proto-Celtic Word-list with attested comparanda‎^[2], University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies, page 188

[DLG-6] Delamarre, Xavier (2003), “ling-”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 203

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