Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/kengeti
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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Celtic
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Two major etymologies exist.
- A more modern theory derives this from Proto-Indo-European *(s)keng- (“to limp, walk lamely”), and thus cognate with Ancient Greek σκάζω (skázō) and Proto-Germanic *hinkaną.[1][2]
- A traditional theory derives this verb from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰengʰ- (“to walk, step”), relating this word to Proto-Germanic *ganganą. To arrive at the Celtic form, a dissimilatory devoicing would have to be assumed.[3]
Both etymologies suffer from flaws.[4]
- Derivatives of *(s)keng- usually have negative connotations of lameness across Indo-European, but this is contradicted in Celtic by the derivative *kengets (“warrior”), which has heroic connotations. This forces Schumacher to posit a basic meaning "walk" for *(s)keng- and to assume that the connotations of lameness was only secondarily acquired in daughter languages.
- On the other hand, *ǵʰengʰ- requires an irregular dissimilation to be posited, even though the semantics are closer to the Celtic verb.
Verb
[edit]*kengeti
- to step
Inflection
[edit]| Thematic present, suffixless preterite | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active voice | ||||
| Present | Imperfect | Future | Preterite | |
| 1st singular | *kengū | *kengemam | *kikanxsū | *kekonga |
| 2nd singular | *kengesi | *kengetās | *kikanxsesi | *kekongas? |
| 3rd singular | *kengeti | *kengeto | *kikanxseti | *kekonge |
| 1st plural | *kengomosi | *kengemo | *kikanxsomosi | *kekongmo |
| 2nd plural | *kengetesi | *kengestē | *kikanxsetesi | *kekonxte |
| 3rd plural | *kengonti | *kengento | *kikanxsonti | *kekongars |
| Pres. subjunctive | Past subjunctive | Imperative | ||
| 1st singular | *kenxsū | ? | — | |
| 2nd singular | *kenxsesi | ? | *kenge | |
| 3rd singular | *kenxseti | ? | *kengetou | |
| 1st plural | *kenxsomosi | ? | *kengomos | |
| 2nd plural | *kenxsetesi | ? | *kengete | |
| 3rd plural | *kenxsonti | ? | *kengontou | |
| Passive voice | ||||
| Present | Imperfect | Future | Preterite | |
| 1st singular | *kengūr | — | *kikanxsūr | — |
| 2nd singular | *kengetar | — | *kikanxsetar | — |
| 3rd singular | *kengetor | ? | *kikanxsetor | — |
| 1st plural | *kengommor | — | *kikanxsommor | — |
| 2nd plural | *kengedwe | — | *kikanxsedwe | — |
| 3rd plural | *kengontor | ? | *kikanxsontor | — |
| Pres. subjunctive | Past subjunctive | Imperative | ||
| 1st singular | *kenxsūr | — | — | |
| 2nd singular | *kenxsetar | — | — | |
| 3rd singular | *kenxsetor | — | — | |
| 1st plural | *kenxsommor | — | — | |
| 2nd plural | *kenxsedwe | — | — | |
| 3rd plural | *kenxsontor | — | — | |
| Declension of the past participle | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *kanxtos | *kanxtou | *kanxtoi |
| vocative | *kanxte | *kanxtou | *kanxtoi |
| accusative | *kanxtom | *kanxtou | *kanxtoms |
| genitive | *kanxtī | *kanxtous | *kanxtom |
| dative | *kanxtūi | *kanxtobom | *kanxtobos |
| instrumental | *kanxtū | *kanxtobim | *kanxtobis |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *kanxtā | *kanxtai | *kanxtās |
| vocative | *kanxtā | *kanxtai | *kanxtās |
| accusative | *kanxtam | *kanxtai | *kanxtams |
| genitive | *kanxtās | *kanxtous | *kanxtom |
| dative | *kanxtai | *kanxtābom | *kanxtābos |
| instrumental | *? | *kanxtābim | *kanxtābis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *kanxtom | *kanxtou | *kanxtā |
| vocative | *kanxtom | *kanxtou | *kanxtā |
| accusative | *kanxtom | *kanxtou | *kanxtā |
| genitive | *kanxtī | *kanxtous | *kanxtom |
| dative | *kanxtūi | *kanxtobom | *kanxtobos |
| instrumental | *kanxtū | *kanxtobim | *kanxtobis |
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*keng-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 200
- ^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, page 399
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 175
- ^ Gordon, Randall Clark (2012) Derivational Morphology of the Early Irish Verbal Noun, Los Angeles: University of California, page 173
Further reading
[edit]- Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*keng-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 200