Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/kulma

This Proto-Finnic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Finnic

Etymology

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *kuľma.

Noun

*kulma

1. eyebrow
2. corner of the eye

Inflection

Inflection of *kulma

Note: The Proto-Finnic declension system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility.
		singular	plural
nominative		*kulma	*kulmat
accusative		*kulman	*kulmat
genitive		*kulman	*kulmadën *kulmëidën
partitive		*kulmada	*kulmëida
inessive		*kulmassa *kulmahna	*kulmëissa *kulmëihna
elative		*kulmasta	*kulmëista
illative		*kulmahën	*kulmëihën
adessive		*kulmalla	*kulmëilla
ablative		*kulmalta	*kulmëilta
allative		*kulmalën *kulmalëk	*kulmëilën *kulmëilëk
essive		*kulmana	*kulmëina
translative		*kulmaksi	*kulmëiksi
instructive		*kulman	*kulmëin
comitative		*kulmanëk	*kulmëinëk
abessive		*kulmatta	*kulmëitta

Descendants

• Estonian: kulm
• Finnish: kulma
• Ingrian: kulma
• Karelian: kulma
• Livonian: gūlma
• Livvi: kulmu
• Ludian: kulm
• Veps: kulm
• Võro: kulm
• Votic: kulmõ, (Kattila, Mati, Pummala) kulmo
• → Proto-Samic: *kulmē

Further reading

• “kulm”, in [ETY] Eesti etümoloogiasõnaraamat [Estonian Etymological Dictionary] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2012
• Entry #392 in Uralonet, online Uralic etymological database of the Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics.
• Itkonen, Erkki, Kulonen, Ulla-Maija, editors (1992–2000), “kulma”, in Suomen sanojen alkuperä [The origin of Finnish words]‎^[1] (in Finnish) (online version; note: also includes other etymological sources), Helsinki: Institute for the Languages of Finland/Finnish Literature Society, →ISBN