Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/me

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Adverb

*me^[1]

in the middle of, near, by, around, with

Derived terms

*mé-dʰi (“with, among”) (see there for further descendants)
*m̥-dʰi
- Sanskrit: अधि (ádhi) (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)
*me-th₂
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: μετά (metá)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *miþ(i)
- >? Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: स्मत् (smát)
*mé-ǵʰ(s)r-i (with root *ǵʰes-)
- Proto-Albanian: *a/N(e)dri^[2]
  - Albanian: ndjerë
- Proto-Armenian: *merji^[3]
  - Old Armenian: մերձ (merj)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: μέχρι (mékhri)
^? *m̥-ǵʰ(s)ri (with root *ǵʰes-) (or with prefixed *h₂éd instead^[4])
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἄχρι (ákhri)
(possibly) *-mé (1pl. ending)^[1]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ma (secondary 1pl. ending)
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-ma
    - Sanskrit: -म (-ma)
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Avestan:
      Old Avestan: 𐬨𐬁 (mā)
      
      Younger Avestan: 𐬨𐬀 (ma)
    - Old Persian: [Term?] (/⁠-mā⁠/)
- ⇒ *-mé-dʰh₂ (middle 1pl. ending)
  - Proto-Hellenic:
    - Ancient Greek: -μεθα (-metha)
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-madʰi
    - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      - Sanskrit: -महि (-mahi)
    - Proto-Iranian: *-madi
      - Avestan: -𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬛𐬌 (-maidi), -𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬛𐬍 (-maidī)
    - ⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-madʰay (primary ending)
      - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
        Sanskrit: -महे (-mahe)
      - Proto-Iranian: *-maday
        Avestan: -𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬛𐬈 (-maide), -𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬛𐬉 (-maidē)
  - Proto-Tocharian:
    - Tocharian A: -mt(t)e (secondary ending), -ämtär (primary ending)
- ⇒ *-mé-s, *-mós
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    - Proto-Slavic: *-mъ (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Hellenic:
    - Ancient Greek: -μες (-mes)
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-mas
    - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-mas
      - Sanskrit: -मस् (-mas)
  - Proto-Italic:
    - Latin: -mus

Unsorted formations

Tocharian B: mpa

Descendants

>? Proto-Albanian:
- Albanian: me (“with”) (or reduced from mjet^[5] or borrowed from Greek με (me)^[1])
Phrygian: με (me)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Dunkel, George E. (2014), “*mé 'inmitten, einschliesslich; mit'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 494-501
^ Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997), Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎^[1] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 259
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “merj”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 465
^ Dunkel, George E. (2014), Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, page 12
^ Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997), “(ndër)mjet”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎^[2] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi