Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/Hácmā

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háćmā.

Noun

*Hácmā m

1. sky, heaven

Inflection

consonant stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*Hácmā	*Hácmānā(w)	*Hácmānah
vocative	*Hácman	*Hácmānā(w)	*Hácmānah
accusative	*Hácmānam	*Hácmānā(w)	*Hacnáh
instrumental	*HacnáH	*Hacmabʰyā́(m)	*Hacmabʰíš
ablative	*Hacnáh	*Hacmabʰyā́(m)	*HacmabʰyáH
dative	*Hacnáy	*Hacmabʰyā́(m)	*HacmabʰyáH
genitive	*Hacnáh	*HacaHā́h	*HacnáHam
locative	*Hácmani	*HacaHáw	*Hacmahú

Derived terms

• *Hácmāgūnah (“sky-colour”)
  • Sogdian: (/⁠asmānγōn⁠/)

    Sogdian script: 𐼰𐼼𐼺𐼰‎𐼻𐼲‎𐼴‎𐼻 (ʾsmʾ‎nɣ‎w‎n)

  • Middle Persian: (/⁠asmāngōn⁠/, “sky blue; azure”)

    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾsmʾngwn')

    • Classical Persian: آسمانگون (āsmāngōn)

      Dari: آسمانگون (āsmāngōn)

      Iranian Persian: آسمانگون (âsmângun, âsemângun)

      Tajik: осмонгун (osmongun)

      • → Arabic: أسمانجوني (ʔasmānjūniyy)

Descendants

• Central Iranian:
  • Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬨𐬀𐬥 (asman)
• Northeastern Iranian:
  • Sogdo-Bacterian:
    • Bactrian: αϸνηφινδανο (ašnēfindano /⁠āšnēfindan⁠/, “the Lord of Sky”)
    • Khwarezmian: آسیم (ʾsym /⁠*āsəm⁠/), آسم (ʾsm)
    • Sogdiac:
      • Sogdian: (/⁠(ə)smān⁠/)

        Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫖𐫀𐫗 (ʾsmʾn), 𐫘𐫖𐫀𐫗 (smʾn)

        Sogdian script: 𐼼𐼺𐼰‎𐼻𐼳 (smʾ‎nh)

        Syriac script: ܣܩܐܢ (smʾn)

        • → Classical Persian: سمان (samān)
      • Yaghnobi: осмон (āsmān) (perhaps influenced by Tajiki)
• Southeastern Iranian:
  • Pashto: اسمان m (asmā́n), آسمان (āsmā́n)
• Northwestern Iranian:
  • Baluchi: آژمان (àžmàn), آزمان (àzmàn)
  • Kurdish:

    Central Kurdish: ئاسمان (asman)

    Northern Kurdish: asman, azman, esman,

    Southern Kurdish: ئاسمان (asman)

    Laki: ئاسمان (asman)

  • Old Median: *asmā
    • → Old Persian: 𐎠𐎿𐎶𐎴 (asman)
      • Middle Persian: (/⁠asmān⁠/)

        Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭠𐭮𐭬𐭠𐭭 (ʾsmʾn)

        Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫖𐫀𐫗 (ʾsmʾn)

        Book Pahlavi script: 𐮰𐮽𐮼𐮰𐮵𐮵 (ʾsmʾn')

        Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮀𐮍𐮋𐮀𐮌 (ʾsmʾn)

        Pazend script: 𐬁𐬯𐬨𐬅 (āsmą̇)

        Northern Luri: ںاسمو (asemo)

        • Classical Persian: آسمان (âsmân)
          • Dari: آسمان (ā̊smā̊n)
          • Iranian Persian: آسمان (âsemân, âsmân)
          • Tajik: осмон (osmon)
            • → Talysh: осмон
          • → Baluchi: آسمان (ásmán)
          • → Gujarati: આસમાન (āsamān)
          • → Kermanic:

            Vonishuni, Qohrudi, Kesehi, Natanzi: ā̊semūn

            Zefrehi: ā̊smū

            Kafroni: ā̊s(e)mā̊n

            Meymehi: āsɛmūn

            Soi: āsemūn

          • → Hindi: आसमान (āsmān)
          • → Punjabi: ਆਸਮਾਨ (āsamān)
          • → Marwari: असमाण (asmāṇ)
          • → Sindhi: آسمان (āsmān)
          • → Sivandi: āsemān
          • → Urdu: آسمان (āsmān)
  • Parthian: (/⁠āsmān⁠/)

    Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫖𐫀𐫗 (ʾsmʾn)

    • ⇒ Parthian: (/⁠āsmānag⁠/, “of the sky”)

      Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫖𐫀𐫗𐫃 (ʾsmʾng)

      • → Classical Persian: آسمانه (āsmāna, “sky; floor; ceiling”)

        Dari: آسمانه (āsmāna)

        Iranian Persian: آسمانه (āsmāne)

        Tajik: осмона (osmona)

  • Zaza-Gurani:
    • Gurani: ئاسمان (āsmān)
    • Zazaki: azmên