Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/kʷelō
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This Proto-Italic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Italic
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Indo-European *kʷélh₁-e-ti, from *kʷelh₁- (“to turn”).[1]
Verb
[edit]*kʷelō first-singular present indicative[2]
- to inhabit
Reconstruction notes
[edit]The reconstruction of the past participle is somewhat tenuous. Hypothetically, the Proto-Indo-European form **kʷl̥h₁-tós would have produced Proto-Italic **kʷlā-to-, which would have culminated in Latin **clātus. The linguist Ville Leppänen suggests that *kʷlā-to- was a pre-Proto-Italic form which then turned into Proto-Italic *kʷeltos. The reconstruction of the aorist form is likewise tentative as there is no direct evidence for such a formation in Italic, though an ablauting aorist stem *kʷel- ~ *kʷol- would be expected as the regular outcome of a PIE root aorist *kʷélh₁-t *kʷl̥h₁-ént. The putative Proto-Italic aorist would have developed into Latin **col- ~ **col-, which would have been replaced by an innovative u-perfect coluī, perhaps out of a desire to create a more overtly-marked perfect form.[3]
Inflection
[edit]| Inflection of *kʷelō (third conjugation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Present | *kʷelō | ||
| Perfect | — | ||
| Aorist | *kʷelom | ||
| Past participle | *kʷeltos | ||
| Present indicative | Active | Passive | |
| 1st sing. | *kʷelō | *kʷelōr | |
| 2nd sing. | *kʷeles | *kʷelezo | |
| 3rd sing. | *kʷelet | *kʷeletor | |
| 1st plur. | *kʷelomos | *kʷelomor | |
| 2nd plur. | *kʷeletes | *kʷelemanoi? | |
| 3rd plur. | *kʷelont | *kʷelontor | |
| Present subjunctive | Active | Passive | |
| 1st sing. | — | — | |
| 2nd sing. | *kʷelēs | *kʷelēzo? | |
| 3rd sing. | *kʷelēd | *kʷelētor | |
| 1st plur. | *kʷelēmos? | *kʷelēmor | |
| 2nd plur. | *kʷelētes | *kʷelēmanoi? | |
| 3rd plur. | *kʷelēnt? | *kʷelēntor | |
| Present optative | Active | Passive | |
| 1st sing. | *kʷelām | *kʷelār | |
| 2nd sing. | *kʷelās | *kʷelāzo | |
| 3rd sing. | *kʷelād | *kʷelātor | |
| 1st plur. | *kʷelāmos | *kʷelāmor | |
| 2nd plur. | *kʷelātes | *kʷelāmanoi? | |
| 3rd plur. | *kʷelānd | *kʷelāntor | |
| Perfect indicative | Active | ||
| 1st sing. | — | ||
| 2nd sing. | — | ||
| 3rd sing. | — | ||
| 1st plur. | — | ||
| 2nd plur. | — | ||
| 3rd plur. | — | ||
| Aorist indicative | Active | ||
| 1st sing. | *kʷelom | ||
| 2nd sing. | *kʷeles | ||
| 3rd sing. | *kʷeled | ||
| 1st plur. | *kʷolome | ||
| 2nd plur. | *kʷolete | ||
| 3rd plur. | *kʷolond | ||
| Present imperative | Active | Passive | |
| 2nd sing. | *kʷele | *kʷelezo | |
| 2nd plur. | *kʷelete | — | |
| Future imperative | Active | ||
| 2nd + 3rd sing. | *kʷeletōd | ||
| Participles | Present | Past | |
| *kʷelents | *kʷeltos | ||
| Verbal nouns | Supine | ||
| Accusative | Ablative/Dative | ||
| *kʷeltum | *kʷeltūd? /
*kʷeltou? |
||
| s-derivative | |||
| *kʷelezi | |||
| The optative is only classified as such because it might reflect the PIE optative. However, the etymology of these formations is disputed, and it would evolve into the subjunctive in both Latin and Sabellic. The regular PIE subjunctive is the source of the Latin future. | |||
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Latin: colō
References
[edit]- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “colō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 125
- ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 178
- ^ Leppänen, Ville (2019), Ablaut and the Latin Verb: Aspects of Morphophonological Change (PhD Dissertation)[1], Munich: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, , page 32
- ^ Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2014), “Etymologie und Phonologie: Umbrisch amboltu”, in Die Sprache (in German), volume 50, number 1, Harrassowitz Publishing House, , →ISSN, pages 31–43