Reconstruction:Proto-Tungusic/bira

This Proto-Tungusic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Tungusic

Noun

*bira

river
spring

Declension

Declension of *bira

	Singular
Nominative	*bira
Accusative	*biraba
Genitive	*biraŋī
Dative	*biradua
Locative	*biralā
Ablative	*biradiki
Prolative	*birali
Elative	*biragiʒi
Instrumental	*biraʒi
Delative	*biralāki
Directive	*biratiki
Comitative	*biragili

Derived terms

*biračan (“small river”)
*biraka (“small river”)
- *birakačan (“small river”)

Descendants

Jurchenic:
- Jurchen: 必剌 (bira /⁠bi-la⁠/)
  - Manchu: ᠪᡳᡵᠠ (bira)
Tungusic:
- Northern Tungusic:
  - Even: бира (ʙira)
  - Evenki: бира (bira)
  - Negidal: бийа (bija)
  - Oroqen: bira
  - Solon: bira
- Southern Tungusic:
  - Central:
    - Oroch: биака (biaka) (< *biraka) (dim.)
    - Udihe: биаса (biasa, “small river”)
  - South-Eastern:
    - Nanai: бира̄ка̄н (birākān)
    - Ulch: бира (bira)

Referenes

Doerfer, Gerhard; Knüppel, Michael (2004), Etymologisch-ethnologisches Wörterbuch tungusischer Dialekte, Hildesheim: Olms, page 128
Fuchs, Walter; Lopatin, Ivan A.; Menges, Karl; Denis, Sinor (1968), Tungusologie (Handbuch der Orientalistik; V.3), Leiden and Köln: Brill, page 251
Benzing, Johannes (1955), Die tungusischen Sprachen. Versuch einer vergleichenden Grammatik (Abhandlungen der Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Klasse; 11) (in German), Wiesbaden: Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur in Mainz in Kommission bei Franz Steiner Verlag, page 47
Cincius, V. I. (1975), Сравнительный словарь тунгусо-маньчжурских языков [Comparative Dictionary of Tungus-Manchu Languages] (in Russian), volume 1, Leningrad: Nauka, page 84
Kane, Daniel (1989), The Sino-Jurchen Vocabulary of the Bureau of Interpreters (Uralic and Altaic Series; vol. 153), Bloomington, Indiana: Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, Indiana University, →ISBN, page 162.