Reconstruction:Proto-Tungusic/pākin

This Proto-Tungusic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Tungusic

Alternative Reconstructions

• *pākïn (per Fuchs)
• *pākun (per Benzing)

Etymology

Benzing (1955) reconstructs as *pākun. However, the descendants clearly reflect on *-kin, rather than expected *-kun. Thus; analyzable as *pā- +‎ *-kin.

Connected to Proto-Turkic *biagïr (“liver”) by Altaicists but usually not accepted.

The stem is also preserved in some of descendants.

Noun

*pākin

1. liver

Declension

Declension of *pākin

	Singular
Nominative	*pākin
Accusative	*pākinba
Genitive	*pākinŋī
Dative	*pākindua
Locative	*pākinla
Ablative	*pākindiki
Prolative	*pākinli
Elative	*pākingiʒi
Instrumental	*pākinʒi
Delative	*pākinlāki
Directive	*pākintiki
Comitative	*pākingili

Descendants

• Jurchenic:
  • Jurchen: 發洪 (fahun /⁠fa-hung⁠/)
    • Manchu: ᡶᠠᡥᡡᠨ (fahūn)
• Tungusic:
  • North Tungusic:
    • Even: ха̄кан (hākan)
    • Evenki: хакин (hakin), акин (akin)
    • Negidal: ха̄хин (xāxin), ха̄кин (xākin)
    • Oroqen: a:kin
    • Solon: axin
  • South Tungusic:
    • Central:
      • Oroch: хаки (xaki)
      • Udihe: х’аи (xˀai)
    • South-Eastern:
      • Nanai: па̄ (pā)
      • Orok: па̄га (pāɣa), па̄ка (pāqa)
      • Ulch: па (pa)

References

• Fuchs, Walter, Lopatin, Ivan A., Menges, Karl, Denis, Sinor (1968) Tungusologie (Handbuch der Orientalistik; V.3), Leiden and Köln: Brill, page 137
• Benzing, Johannes (1955) Die tungusischen Sprachen. Versuch einer vergleichenden Grammatik (Abhandlungen der Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Klasse; 11) (in German), Wiesbaden: Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur in Mainz in Kommission bei Franz Steiner Verlag, page 67
• Cincius, V. I. (1977) Сравнительный словарь тунгусо-маньчжурских языков [Comparative Dictionary of Tungus-Manchu Languages] (in Russian), volume 2, Leningrad: Nauka, page 310
• Kane, Daniel (1989) The Sino-Jurchen Vocabulary of the Bureau of Interpreters (Uralic and Altaic Series; vol. 153), Bloomington, Indiana: Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, Indiana University, →ISBN, page 322.