Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/arka

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Connected to Proto-Mongolic *aru (“back, behind, North”), Proto-Tungusic *arkan (“back”). Compared to Proto-Turkic *ār-t (“back, behind”).

Noun

*arka

1. back

Declension

Declension of *arka

	singular 3)
nominative	*arka
accusative	*arkag, *arkanï1)
genitive	*arkanïŋ
dative	*arkaka
locative	*arkada
ablative	*arkadan
allative	*arkagaru
instrumental 2)	*arkan
equative 2)	*arkača
similative 2)	*arkalayu
comitative 2)	*arkalïgu

¹⁾ Originally used only in pronominal declension.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative, and comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality in Proto-Turkic is disputed. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page on Wikibooks.

Alternative reconstructions

• *ărka
• *ārka

Descendants

• Oghur:
  • ⇒ Chuvash: урхалӑх (urh̬alăh)
• Proto-Common Turkic: *arka

• Arghu:
  • Khalaj: arqa
• Oghuz:
  • Proto-Oghuz: *arka
    • Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (arqa)
      • Azerbaijani: arxa
        • → Persian: ارخا (arxâ)
        • → Khalaj: arxa
      • Gagauz: arka
      • Ottoman Turkish: آرقه (arka)
        • Turkish: arka
    • Salar: arqa
    • Turkmen: arka
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: اَرْقا (arqa)
    • Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (arqa)
      • Chagatai: ارقا (arqa)
        • Uzbek: orqa
        • Uyghur: ئارقا (arqa)
• Kipchak:
  • Kipchak: ارقا (arqa)
    • North Kipchak:
      • Bashkir: арҡа (arqa)
      • Tatar: арка (arqa)
    • West Kipchak:
      • Crimean Tatar: arqa
      • Karachay-Balkar: аркъа (arqa)
      • Karaim: [script needed] (arğa)
      • Kumyk: аркъа (arqa)
    • South Kipchak:
      • Caspian:
        • Kazakh: арқа (arqa)
        • Karakalpak: arqa
        • Nogai: [script needed] (arqa)
      • Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
        • Kyrgyz: арка (arka)
        • Southern Altai: арка (arka)
• Siberian:
  • Old Turkic: 𐰺‎𐰴 (r¹‎q /⁠arqa⁠/)
  • Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐽾𐽲𐽰 (arqa)
    • Western Yugur: arqa
  • North Siberian:
    • Yakut: арҕаа (arğaa)
    • ⇒ Dolgan: [script needed] (argalaa)
  • South Siberian:
    • Sayan:
      • Tuvan: [script needed] (arğa, “mountain forest”)
    • Yenisei:
      • Shor: [script needed] (arğa)
      • Khakas: [script needed] (arğa)
    • Northern Altai: арга (arga)

References

• Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*ărka”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
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