Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/em-

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology 1

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *(h)ima-gta (“always, constantly”) and Proto-Tungusic *ime- (“fresh, new”).

Adverb

*em-

1. now

Descendants

• Oghur:
  • Chuvash: ӗнтӗ (ĕnt̬ĕ)
• Common Turkic: *em-:

• Arghu:
  • Khalaj:
• Oghuz: امدی (imdi)
  • West Oghuz:
    • Old Anatolian Turkish: امدی (imdi)
      • Ajem-Turkic:
        • Azerbaijani: ایندی, indi
        • Sonqori: ایننی (inni)
        • Qashqai: اینگدی (iŋdi)
      • Ottoman Turkish: امدی (imdi), شو امدی (şu imdi), شمدی (şimdi)
        • Turkish: şimdi
        • Gagauz: şindi
  • East Oghuz:
    • Salar: inci
    • Khorasani Turkish: indi
    • Turkmen: indi, şindi, şindiz
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: امدی (ämdi)
    • Chagatai: ایمدی (emdi)
      • Ili Turki: ämdi, endi
      • Uyghur: ئەمدى (emdi)
      • Uzbek: endi
• Kipchak: [script needed] (emdi)
  • North Kipchak:
    • Tatar: инде (inde)
    • Bashkir: инде (inde)
  • West Kipchak:
    • Crimean Tatar: endi, şimdi
      • Urum: имди (imdi), эмди (emdi), энди (endi), эндэ (ende), шинди (şindi), шиндик (şindik)
    • Karachay-Balkar: энди (endi), шёндю (şöndü)
    • Karaim: энди (endi), шинди (şindi), шынды (şındı)
    • Kumyk: энди (endi)
    • Krymchak: шинди (şindi)
  • South Kipchak:
    • Karakalpak: енди (endi)
    • Kazakh: енді (endı)
    • Nogai: энди (éndi)
    • Siberian Tatar: инди (indi)
  • East Kipchak:
    • Kyrgyz: эми (emi)
    • Southern Altai: эмди (emdi)
      • Tuba-Kizhi: эмди (emdi), эмти (emti)
• Siberian:
  • Old Turkic: 𐰢𐱃𐰃 (amtı)
    • Old Uyghur: [script needed] (amtı)
      • Western Yugur: ам (am)
  • North Siberian:
    • Dolgan: аны (anı)
    • Yakut: аны (anı)
  • South Siberian:
    • Sayan Turkic:
      • Dukhan: ам (am)
      • Tofa: ам (am), амды (amdı)
      • Tuvan: ам (am)
    • Yeniseian Turkic:
      • Chulym: эмде (emde)
      • Khakas: ам (am)
      • Shor: амды (amdı)
      • Northern Altai:
        • Kumandy-Kizhi: эм (em), эмде (emde)
        • Kuu-Kizhi: эм (em), эмди (emdi), эме (eme), эми (emi)

Etymology 2

Compared to Proto-Uralic *ime- (“to suck”) and Proto-Mongolic *em-kü- (“to swallow, bite, chew”).

Verb

*em-ig or *em-ček

1. (transitive) to suck (breast of women or animals)

   Synonym: *sim-

Derived terms

• *emiŕ- (“to suckle”)

Descendants

• Oghur:
  • Chuvash: ӗм (ĕm)

• Arghu:
  • Khalaj: əmmək
• Oghuz:
  • Old Anatolian Turkish:
    • Azerbaijani: əmmək
    • Ottoman Turkish: اممك (emmek)
      • Turkish: emmek
      • Gagauz: emmää
  • Salar: emgüsi
  • Turkmen: emmek
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: اماك (emmēk)
    • Chagatai: [script needed] (émmek)
      • Uyghur: ئەممەك (emmek)
      • Uzbek: emmoq
• Kipchak:
  • West Kipchak:
    • Crimean Tatar: emmek
    • Karachay-Balkar: эмерге (emerge)
  • North Kipchak:
    • Bashkir: имеү (imew)
    • Tatar: имәргә (imärgä)
  • South Kipchak:
    • Caspian:
      • Kazakh: ему (emu)
      • Nogai: [script needed] (em-)
    • Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
      • Kyrgyz: эмүү (emüü)
      • Southern Altai: эмер (emer)
• Siberian
  • North Siberian:
    • Yakut: эм (em)
  • South Siberian:
    • Sayan:
      • Tuvan: эмер (emer)
    • Yenisei:
      • Khakas: эмерге (emerge)
      • Western Yugur: [script needed] (yim-)

References

• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*em-”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[3], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
• Straughn, Christopher A. (2023) “now”, in Turkic database at Elegant Lexicon
• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*em-ig, *em-ček”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[4], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill