Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kömür

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Most scholars have derived from *köń- (“to burn”) +‎ *-mür, however, there being no expected reflexes from *kȫmür is pointed out by Eren. Khabtagaeva derives from *kö- +‎ *-mür instead, from which she derives *köń- (“to burn”) and *kȫz (“burning embers”) There have previously been attempts at deriving it from *köm- (“to bury”) +‎ *-mür, which is semantically dubious.

Noun

*kömür

1. coal

Declension

Declension of *kömür

	singular 3)
nominative	*kömür
accusative	*kömürüg, *kömürni1)
genitive	*kömürnüŋ
dative	*kömürke
locative	*kömürte
ablative	*kömürten
allative	*kömürgerü
instrumental 2)	*kömürün
equative 2)	*kömürče
similative 2)	*kömürleyü
comitative 2)	*kömürlügü

¹⁾ Originally used only in pronominal declension.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative, and comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality in Proto-Turkic is disputed. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page on Wikibooks.

Descendants

• Oghur:
  • ⇒ Chuvash: кӑмрӑк (kămrăk)
• Proto-Common Turkic: *kömür

• Oghuz:
  • West Oghuz:
    • Old Anatolian Turkish:
      • Azerbaijani: kömür
      • Ottoman Turkish: كومور (kömür), كمور (kömür)
        • Gagauz: kömür
        • Turkish: kömür
        • → Albanian: qymyr
        • → Armenian: քյոմուր (kʻyomur)
        • → Bulgarian: кюмю́р (kjumjúr)
        • → Macedonian: ќумур (ḱumur)
        • → Serbo-Croatian: ćùmur / ћу̀мур
  • East Oghuz:
    • Salar: gömür
    • Turkmen: kömür
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: [script needed] (kömür)
    • ⇒ Karakhanid: کُمُرْلُكْ (kömürlük, “trees harvested for charcoal; where charcoal is stored”)
    • Uzbek: koʻmir
    • Uyghur: كۆمۈر (kömür)
• Kipchak:
  • Old Kipchak:
    • Armeno-Kipchak: comur (Codex Cumanicus)
    • Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (kömür)
  • North Kipchak:
    • Bashkir: күмер (kümer)
    • Tatar: күмер (kümer)
  • West Kipchak:
    • Kumyk: кёмюр (kömür)
    • Karachay-Balkar: кёмюр (kömür)
    • Crimean Tatar: kömür
  • East Kipchak:
    • Southern Altai: кӧмӱр (kömür)
    • Kyrgyz: көмүр (kömür)
  • South Kipchak:
    • Nogai: коьмир (kömir)
    • Karakalpak: көмир
    • Kazakh: көмір (kömır)
• Siberian:
  • ⇒ Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰇𐰢𐰼𐱃𐰍 (kömürtaɣ, “a mountain between Ötüken and the Karakum desert”)
  • Old Uyghur: [script needed] (kömür)
    • Western Yugur: kʰemïr
    • North Siberian
      • Dolgan: көмөр
      • Yakut: көмөр (kömör)
    • South Siberian:
      • Sayan Turkic:
        • Tuvan: хөмүр (xömür)
      • Yenisei Turkic:
        • Khakas: кӧмір (kömìr)
        • Shor: кӧбӱр
      • Northern Altai: кӧбӱр (köbür), кӧбир (köbir)

See also

Minerals in Proto-Turkic
Stone	stone: *tāĺ	Iron	iron: *temür	Silver	silver: *kümüĺ
Gold	gold: *altūn	Strawberry	copper: *bakïr	Chalk	chalk or earth: *bōr
Coal	coal: *kömür	Salt	salt: *tūŕ	Lead	lead: *korguĺčïn

References

• al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074), Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521)‎^[4] (in Turkish), 1985 edition, volume I, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943, page 24
• Clauson, Gerard (1972), “kömür”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 723
• Erdal, Marcel (1991), Old Turkic Word Formation‎^[5], volume I, Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN, page 390
• Eren, Hasan (1999), “kömür”, in Türk Dilinin Etimolojik Sözlüğü [Etymological Dictionary of the Turkish Language]‎^[6] (in Turkish), Ankara: Bizim Büro Basım Evi, page 256
• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), “kömür”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
• Levitskaja, L. S.; Dybo, A. V.; Rassadin, V. I. (1997), Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume V, Moscow: Jazyki russkoj kulʹtury, pages 102-103
• Räsänen, Martti (1969), Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 289
• Tenišev E. R., editor (1984–2006), Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages:] (in Russian), Moscow: Nauka, page 365