Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kumlak

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Reconstruction

Considering its limited geographical distribution and likely foreign origin, probably not reconstructable to Proto-Turkic proper.

Many languages show secondary sound changes (epenthesis, metathesis or assimilation) which may be irregular, but attested in other words.

Etymology

Most likely from Iranian or Germanic ultimately, see Ossetian хуымӕллӕг (x°ymællæg) and Old Norse humli respectively.

Some sources defend the possibility of native Turkic origin, but the evidence is weak.

Noun

*kumlak

1. hop (plant)

Declension

Declension of *kumlak

	Singular 3)
Nominative	*kumlak
Accusative	*kumlaknï, *kumlakïg 4), *kumlaknïg 1)
Genitive	*kumlaknïŋ
Dative	*kumlakka
Locative	*kumlakda
Ablative	*kumlakdan
Allative	*kumlakgaru
Instrumental 2)	*kumlakïn
Equative 2)	*kumlakča
Similative 2)	*kumlaklayu
Comitative 2)	*kumlaklïgu

¹⁾ Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
⁴⁾ Found in the Old Turkic era.

Descendants

• Medieval
  • Karakhanid: قُمْلاقْ (qumlaq)
• Kipchak
  • North Kipchak
    • Bashkir: ҡомалаҡ (qomalaq)
    • Tatar: колмак (qolmaq)
  • South Kipchak
    • Caspian
      • Kazakh: құлмақ (qūlmaq)
      • Nogai: кылмак (kılmak)
    • Kyrgyz-Kipchak
      • Kyrgyz: кулмак (kulmak)
      • Southern Altai: куманак (kumanak)
        • Teleut: кумдак (kumdak)
• Siberian
  • Yenisei Turkic
    • Khakas: хумнах (xumnax)
    • Shor: қымнақ, қубанақ
• Oghur
  • Chuvash: хӑмла (hămla)
  • →? Proto-Slavic: *xъmelь
• → Hungarian: komló, homló
• → Mari:
  • Eastern Mari: умла (umla)
  • Western Mari: ымыла (ymyla)
• → Mordvin:
  • Erzya: комля (komľa)
  • Moksha: комля (komľa)

Further reading

• Clauson, Gerard (1972) “kumla:k”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 628
• Levitskaja, L. S., Dybo, A. V., Rassadin, V. I. (2000) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume 6, Moscow: Indrik, page 137
• Róna-Tas, András, Berta, Árpád, Károly, László (2011) West Old Turkic: Turkic Loanwords in Hungarian (Turcologica; 84), volume 1, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, pages 556–8.
• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*Kumlak”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill