Talk:は

An explanation of the particle は

Meaning/Function: A particle which marks a topic or a contrastive element.

English equivalents: talking about ~; as for ~; the

Related expressions: が(1)

Key sentences:

1. 私(わたし)は学生(がくせい)だ/です。 ― watashi wa gakusei da/desu. ― I am a student.
2. 杉田(すぎた)さんは行(い)きますが私(わたし)は行(い)きません。 ― sugita-san wa ikimasu ga watashi wa ikimasen. ― Mr. Sugita will go (there) but I won’t go.

Examples:

1. ジョーンズさんは今日本語(いまにほんご)を勉強(べんきょう)している。 ― jōnzu-san wa ima nihongo o benkyōshite iru. ― Mr. Jones is studying Japanese now.
2. この町(まち)には大学(だい)が二(くがふた)つある。 ― kono machi ni wa daigaku ga futatsu aru. ― There are two universities in this town.
3. 私(わたし)はビールは飲(の)みますが酒(さけ)は飲(の)みません。 ― watashi wa bīru wa nomimasu ga sake wa nomimasen. ― I drink beer but don’t drink sake.
4. 春子(はるこ)には人形(にんぎょう)を、秋子(あきこ)には絵本(えほん)をあげた。 ― haruko ni wa ningyō o, akiko ni wa ehon o ageta. ― I gave Haruko a doll and Akiko a picture book.

Notes:

1. The origin of は can be traced to the conditional marker ば. (Compare the spellings of wa (は) and ba (ば).) (See Talk:ば) However, in contemporary Japanese, は is used, in general, to mark information which the speaker assumes to be part of the hearer’s register. In other words, when は marks X, the speaker usually assumes that the hearer knows what X refers to. Thus, noun phrases which can be marked by はin ordinary circumstances are as follows:
   1. Common nouns whose referents have already been introduced into the discourse linguistically or extra-linguistically. Example:
      

      (1) 昔々(むかしむかし)、一人(ひとり)のおじいさんが住(す)んでいました。 ― mukashimukashi, hitori no o-jī-san ga sunde imashita. ― Once upon a time, there lived an old man.
      

      おじいさんはとてもやさしい人(ひと)でした。 ― o-jī-san wa totemo yasashī hito deshita. ― The old man was a very gentle man.
   2. Proper nouns. Examples:
      (2) アメリカ ― amerika ― America
      スミスさん ― sumisu-san ― Mr. Smith
   3. Nouns whose referents can be uniquely identified (that is, they are one of a kind). Examples:
      (3) 太陽(たいよう) ― taiyō ― sun
      空(そら) ― sora ― sky
   4. Generic names. Examples:
      (4) 人(ひと) ― hito ― man
      車(くるま) ― kuruma ― car

   It is noted that は never marks WH-words such as なに (what) and だれ (who). Thus, (5) is ungrammatical.
   (5) (unacceptable) だれはパーティーに来(き)ましたか。 ― dare wa pātī ni kimashita ka. ― Who came to the party?
   

   This is because WH-words do not refer to a known thing and, therefore, their referents can never be in the hearer’s register.
2. More specifically, は marks a topic and/or a contrastive element. When は is used as a topic marker, as in XはY, X is something the rest of the sentence (i.e. Y) is about, and the focus of the sentence falls on Y or part of Y. (Compare Talk:が) The topic Xは normally appears at the beginning of a sentence.
3. は is also used to mark a contrastive element, as in Key Sentence (B), Examples (c) and (d). However, whether は is being used as a topic marker or as a contrastive marker is not always clear. This is not clear particularly when there is one element X marked by は but there is no other element Y explicitly contrasted with X. Here are some general rules for determining whether a given は is topical or contrastive.
   1. When more than one は appears in a sentence, as in “XはYはZは…”, the first は is usually understood to be the topic marker, the second は is more contrastive than the first one, the third one is more contrastive than the second, and so on. Examples:
      

      (6) 太郎(たろう)はテニスは出来(でき)ます。 ― tarō wa tenisu wa dekimasu. ― Taro can play tennis.
      

      (7) 僕(ぼく)は今日(きょう)はテニスはしない。 ― boku wa kyō wa tenisu wa shinai. ― I won’t play tennis today.
   2. When Xは is pronounced with stress, it marks a contrastive element. Examples:
      (8) 私(わたし)は一年(いちねん)です。 ― watashi wa ichinen desu. ― (I don’t know about other people but, at least) Í am a freshman.
      (9) ビールは飲(の)みます。 ― bīru wa nomimasu. ― (I don’t drink other drinks but) I drink béer.
4. When は is used in negative sentences, it marks the negated element. This is a special use of は as a contrastive marker. Compare the following sentences:
   

   (10) a. 私(わたし)はきのうボストンへ行(い)かなかった。 ― watashi wa kinō bosuton e ikanakatta. ― I didn’t go to Boston yesterday.
   b. 私(わたし)はきのうはボストンへ行(い)かなかった。 ― watashi wa kinō wa bosuton e ikanakatta. ― I didn’t go to Boston yésterday.
   c. 私(わたし)はきのうボストンへは行(い)かなかった。 ― watashi wa kinō bosuton e wa ikanakatta. ― I didn’t go to Bóston yesterday.
   

   (10a) simply states that the speaker didn’t go to Boston yesterday. (10b) negates yesterday, implying that the speaker went to Boston on other days or that he usually goes to Boston on that day but didn’t yesterday. Likewise, (10c) negates to Boston, implying that the speaking went somewhere but it was not to Boston.
5. There are rules for particle ellipsis when は marks noun phrases with case markers (i.e. particles such as the subject marker が (ga(1)) and the direct object marker を (o)).
   1. When は marks Xが or Xを, が or を must drop. (Examples (a) and (c))
   2. When は marks Xへ or Xに(6) (location), へ or に optionally drop. (Example (b))
   3. When は marks Xに(1)/に(2)/に(3)/に(4) (time, indirect object, agent, contact), Xで, Xと, Xから, Xまで or Xより, the case marker usually remains and は follows it, forming a double particle. (Example (d)) More examples follow:
      

      (11) ここではたばこを吸(す)わないでください。 ― koko de wa tabako o suwanaide kudasai. ― Please don’t smoke here.
      

      (12) 田中(たなか)さんとはよく会(あ)います。 ― tanaka-san to wa yoku aimasu. ― I see Mr. Tanaka often.
6. The topical は does not appear in subordinate clauses, as in (13).
   

   (13) a. 花子(はなこ)は私(わたし)が/(unacceptable)はきのう酒(さけ)を飲(の)んだことを知(し)っている。 ― hanako wa watashi ga / (unacceptable) wa kinō sake o nonda koto o shitte iru. ― Hanako knows that I drank sake yesterday.
   

   b. 私(わたし)が/(unacceptable)は読(よ)んだ本(ほん)は「雪国(ゆきぐに)」です。 ― watashi ga / (unacceptable) wa yonda hon wa “yukiguni” desu. ― The book I read was Snow Country.

Makino, Seiichi, and Michio Tsutsui. A Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar. Tokyo, The Japan Times, Ltd., 1994, pp. 516-519.

Wise Bridges Fool Walls (talk) 17:04 11 September 2024 (UTC) Wise Bridges Fool Walls (talk) 23:05, 11 September 2024 (UTC)

An explanation of the particle は (Intermediate)

Meaning/Function: A particle which emphatically affirms or negates the proposition represented by the preceding verbal and other related elements.

English equivalents: [emphatic] (do/does/did) Verb; will Verb; (am/are/is/was/were) Adjective/Noun; (not) Verb/Adjective/Noun

Related expressions: ことは

Key sentences:

1. 行(い)きはしますが、何(なに)も手伝(てつだ)えませんよ。 ― iki wa shimasu ga, nanimo tetsudaemasen yo. ― I am going (there) but I cannot help you, all right?
2. 疲(つか)れてはいるが、まだ休(やす)みたくない。 ― tsukarete wa iru ga, mada yasumi takunai. ― I am tired but I don’t want to take a break yet.
3. あの男(おとこ)には説明(せつめい)しても分(わ)かりはしない。 ― ano otoko ni wa setsumeishite mo wakari wa shinai. ― That guy would not understand even if you explained it to him.
4. あのズボンは安(やす)くはあるが、ちょっと時代遅(じだいおく)れだ。 ― ano zubon wa yasuku wa aru ga, chotto jidaiokure da. ― Those pants are cheap but they are a little too old-fashioned.
5. この本(ほん)は内容(ないよう)を考(かんが)えれば決(けっ)して高(たか)くはない。 ― kono hon wa naiyō o kangaereba kesshite takaku wa nai. ― This book is not expensive at all when you consider its content.

Formation:

1. Verb masu stem は (する(が) / しない)
   話(はな)しは(する(が)/しない) ― hanashi wa (suru (ga) / shinai) ― someone will tell (but) / will not tell
2. Verb te form は (いる(が) / いない), (みる(が) / みない)
   食(た)べては(いる(が)/いない) ― tabete wa (iru (ga) / inai) ― someone is eating (but) / is not eating
3. I-Adjective stem くは (ある(が) / ない)
   面白(おもしろ)くは(ある(が)/ない) ― omoshiroku wa (aru (ga) / nai) ― something is interesting (but) / is not interesting
4. (Na-Adjective stem / Noun) では (ある(が) / ない)
   便利(べんり)では (ある(が)/ない) ― benride wa (aru (ga) / nai) ― something is convenient (but) / is not convenient
   学生(がくせい)では (ある(が)/ない) ― gakusei de wa (aru (ga) / nai) ― someone is a student (but) / is not a student

Examples:

1. 酒(さけ)は飲(の)みはするが、それほど好(す)きではない。 ― sake wa nomi wa suru ga, sore hodo sukide wa nai. ― I do drink but don’t like it very much.
2. 彼(かれ)は日本語(にほんご)を読(よ)めはするが、話(はな)せはしない。 ― kare wa nihongo o yome wa suru ga, hanase wa shinai. ― He can read Japanese but cannot speak it.
3. 彼女(かのじょ)はベッドに横(よこ)になってはいるが、目(め)は開(あ)いている。 ― kanojo wa beddo ni yoko ni natte wa iru ga, me wa aite iru. ― She is lying in bed but her eyes are open.
4. 試験(しけん)を受(う)けてはみるが、通(とお)る自信(じしん)は全然(ぜんぜん)ない。 ― shiken o ukete wa miru ga, tōru jishin wa zenzen nai. ― I will take the exam (and see what will happen), but I have no confidence that I will pass it.
5. 彼(かれ)は何(なに)を言(い)っても聞(き)きはしない。 ― kare wa nani o itte mo kiki wa shinai. ― He does not listen, no matter what we tell him.
6. この花瓶(かびん)は高(たか)くはあるが、それだけの値打(ねう)ちはある。 ― kono kabin wa takaku wa aru ga, sore dake no neuchi wa aru. ― This case is expensive but it is valuable to that extent.
7. この問題(もんだい)はよく考(かんが)えれば難(むずか)しくはないはずだ。 ― kono mondai wa yoku kangaereba muzukashiku wa nai hazu da. ― If you think carefully, this problem should not be difficult.
8. あの男(おとこ)は優秀(ゆうしゅう)ではあったが、不正(ふせい)なことをしたので首(くび)になった。 ― ano otoko wa yūshūde wa atta ga, fuseina koto o shita node kubi ni natta. ― He was smart but he was fired because he did something illegal.
9. 彼(かれ)は日本人(にほんじん)ではあるが、あまり日本語(にほんご)を話(はな)せない。 ― kare wa nihonjin de wa aru ga, amari nihongo o hanasenai. ― He is Japanese but cannot speak Japanese well.

Notes:

1. Affirmative forms such as Verb masu stem は する, I-Adjective stem くは ある, (Na-Adjective stem / Noun) では あるoften appear with the conjunction が in contrastive sentences. (See Talk:は)
2. Na-Adjective stem では ない and Noun で は ない are, in fact, the ordinary negative forms of Na-Adjective and Noun + Copula and do not express any special emphasis.
3. When auxiliaries occur with Verb te form, は follows Verb te form, as in Formation (ii). When auxiliaries occur with Verb masu stem, however, は follows the auxiliaries, as in (1).

   (1) a. 遊(あそ)びたい->遊(あそ)びたくはある(が) ― asobitai -> asobitaku wa aru (ga) ― want to play
   b. 落(お)ちそうだ->落(お)ちそうではある(が) ― ochi sōda -> ochi sōde wa aru (ga) ― looks like it’s about to fall down
   

   c. しゃべりすぎる->しゃべりすぎはする(が) ― shaberi sugiru -> shaberi sugi wa suru (ga) ― talk too much
4. In casual conversation, sound changes may occur in Verb masu stem は しない, as in (2).
   (2) Grade 1 verbs:
   ~ (Consonant)Vowel は しない –> ~ (Consonant) や しない
   Examples 行(い)きはしない->行(い)きゃしない ― iki wa shinai -> ikya shinai ― Someone does not go -> Someone doesn’t go
   買(か)いはしない->買(か)やしない ― kai wa shinai -> kaya shinai ― Someone does not buy -> Someone doesn’t buy
   Grade 2 verbs and irregular verbs:
   ~ (Consonant)Vowel は しない –> ~ (Consonant)Vowelや しない
   Examples 見(み)はしない->見(み)やしない ― mi wa shinai -> miya shinai ― Someone does not see -> Someone doesn’t see
   食(た)べはしない->食(た)べやしない ― tabe wa shinai -> tabeya shinai ― Someone does not eat -> Someone doesn’t eat
   しはしない->しやしない ― shi wa shinai -> shiya shinai ― Someone does not do -> Someone doesn’t do
   来(き)はしない->来(き)やしない ― ki wa shinai -> kiya shinai ― Someone does not come -> Someone doesn’t come

Related expression:

Sentences with the emphatic particle は can be rephrased using the structure X ことは X, as in [1]; however, X ことはX is more emphatic than は.
[1] a. 行(い)くことは行(い)きますが、何(なに)も手伝(てつだ)えませんよ。 ― iku koto wa ikimasu ga, nanimo tetsudaemasen yo. ― I am indeed going (there) but I cannot help you, all right? (Same as Key Sentence (A))
b. 疲(つか)れていることは(疲(つか)れて)いるが、まだ休(やす)みたくない。 ― tsukarete iru koto wa (tsukarete) iruga, mada yasumi takunai. ― I am indeed tired but I don’t want to take a break yet. (Same as Key Sentence (B))
c. あのズボンは安(やす)いことは安(やす)いが、ちょっと時代遅(じだいおく)れだ。 ― ano zubon wa yasui koto wa yasuiga, chotto jidaiokure da. ― Those pants are indeed cheap but they are a little too old-fashioned. (Same as Key Sentence (D))
This structure is usually not used for negative sentences. (See Talk:こと)

Makino, Seiichi, and Michio Tsutsui. A Dictionary of Intermediate Japanese Grammar. Tokyo, The Japan Times, Ltd., 1995, pp. 564-567.

Wise Bridges Fool Walls (talk) 21:09 13 September 2024 (UTC) Wise Bridges Fool Walls (talk) 01:09, 14 September 2024 (UTC)

An explanation of the structure 〜は〜だ

Meaning/Function: Someone or something is/was someone or something or is/was in some state, or will do/does/did something.

Key sentences:

1. これは本(ほん)だ/です。 ― kore wa hon da / desu. ― This is a book.
2. コンサートは八時(はちじ)からだ/です。 ― konsāto wa hachiji kara da / desu. ― The concert starts ateight o’clock. (literally, “The concert is from eight o’clock.”)

Examples:

1. あの人(ひと)は先生(せんせい)だ。 ― ano hito wa sensei da. ― That person is a teacher.
2. 私(わたし)はジョーンズです。 ― watashi wa jōnzu desu. ― I am Jones.
3. 授業(じゅぎょう)は四時(よじ)までです。 ― jugyō wa yoji made desu. ― I have classes till four o’clock. (literally, “My classes are till four o’clock.”)
4. 今度(こんど)の試合(しあい)はワシントン大学(だいがく)とだ。 ― kondo no shiai wa washinton daigaku to da. ― The next game is against the University of Washington.

Notes:

1. “AはBだ” is probably the most basic sentence structure in Japanese. The very basic meaning of this construction is “A is B”. However, this pattern can convey more than that meaning. For example, the second sentence in (1) literally means ‘My wife is tea’, but actually means ‘My wife drinks tea.’ Here the copula だ is used in place of 飲む (drink).
   

   (1) 私(わたし)は毎朝(まいあさ)コーヒーを飲(の)む。家内(かない)は紅茶(こうちゃ)だ。 ― watashi wa maiasa kōhī o nomu. kanai wa kōcha da. ― I drink coffee every morning. My wife drinks (black) tea. (literally, “I drink coffee every morning. My wife is (black) tea.”)
   In fact, this structure is used frequently in conversation, as in (2), where the copula です in B’s sentence means 行きます (am going).
   (2) A: 私(わたし)はハワイへ行(い)きます。 ― watashi wa hawai e ikimasu. ― I’m going to Hawaii.
   B: 私(わたし)はフロリダです。 ― watashi wa furorida desu. ― I’m going to Florida. (literally, “I am Florida.”)
   In general, the copula can be used in place of a predicate if the meaning can be understood from the context. Note the following examples:
   (3) このレストランはすしがおいしい。あのレストランはてんぷらだ。 ― kono resutoran wa sushi ga oishī. ano resutoran wa tenpura da. ― Sushi is good at this restaurant. At that restaurant tempura is good. (literally, “Sushi is good at this restaurant. That restaurant is tempura.”)
   (4) ディックはスケートが上手(じょうず)だ。ポールはスキーだ。 ― dikku wa sukēto ga jōzuda. pōru wa sukī da. ― Dick is good at (ice) skating. Paul is good at skiing. (literally, “Dick is good at (ice) skating. Paul is skiing.”)
   (5) みつ子(こ)はお母(かあ)さんが病気(びょうき)だ。つとむはお父(とう)さんだ。 ― mitsuko wa o-kā-san ga byōki da. tsutomu wa o-tō-san da. ― In Mitsuko’s family, her mother is ill. In Tsutomu’s family, his father is ill. (literally, “In Mitsuko’s family, her mother is ill. Tsutomu is his father.”)
   What the copula だ means may be understood from the linguistic context, as in (1) – (5), or from the extra-linguistic context, as in (6).
   

   (6) [In an order situation at a restaurant] 僕(ぼく)はうなぎだ。 ― boku wa unagi da. ― I’ll have eel/I’d like eel. (literally, “I am an eel.”)
2. In “AはBだ”, B may be a noun phrase, as in Key Sentence (A) or a noun phrase with a particle, as in Key Sentence (B). General rules about particle ellipsis and retention in this construction follow:
   1. が, を, へ and に (time (に(1)), location (に(6))) must drop. (See (1) – (6).)
   2. に (indirect object (に(2)), agent (に(3)), direct contact (に(4))) and で (location (で(1)), means (で(2))) may drop. Examples:
      

      (7) A: 僕(ぼく)はケンにたのんだ。 ― bokuhakennitanonda. ― I asked Ken.
      B: 僕(ぼく)はアンディ(に)だ。 ― boku wa andi (ni) da. ― I asked Andy.
      A: 僕(ぼく)はアパートで勉強(べんきょう)する。 ― boku wa apāto de benkyōsuru. ― I study in my apartment.
      

      B: 僕(ぼく)は図書館(としょかん)(で)だ。 ― boku wa toshokan (de) da. ― I study at the library.
   3. で (reason), と, から and まで usually do not drop. Examples:
      (9) A: 僕(ぼく)は病気(びょうき)で休(やす)んだ。 ― boku wa byōki de yasunda. ― I was absent because of illness.
      B: 僕(ぼく)はけがで/(unacceptable)∅だ。 ― boku wa kega de / (unacceptable)∅ da. ― I was absent because I got injured. (literally, “I was absent because of an injury.”)
      (10) A: 私(わたし)は一郎(いちろう)と踊(おど)りました。 ― watashi wa ichirō to odorimashita. ― I danced with Ichiro.
      B: 私(わたし)は信男(のぶお)と/(unacceptable)∅です。 ― watashi wa nobuo to / (unacceptable)∅ desu. ― I danced with Nobuo.
3. When the copula is used for a predicate, it usually appears in the non-past tense regardless of the tense of the predicate, as in (7) and (9).
4. In “AはBだ”, Aは may drop if it can be understood from context, as seen in (11).

   (11) A: それは何(なん)ですか。 ― sore wa nan desu ka. ― What is that?

   B: (これは)辞書(じしょ)です。 ― (kore wa) jisho desu. ― This is a dictionary.

Makino, Seiichi, and Michio Tsutsui. A Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar. Tokyo, The Japan Times, Ltd., 1994, pp. 521-524.

Wise Bridges Fool Walls (talk) 17:49 14 September 2024 (UTC) Wise Bridges Fool Walls (talk) 21:49, 14 September 2024 (UTC)

An explanation of the structure 〜は〜が

Meaning/Function: A construction which relates a non-controllable state of something or someone to a topic.

Key sentences:

1. 私(わたし)は英語(えいご)が分(わ)かる/分(わ)かります。 ― watashi wa eigo ga wakaru/wakarimasu. ― I understand English. (literally, “To me, English is understandable.”)
2. 花子(はなこ)は目(め)がきれいだ/きれいです。 ― hanako wa me ga kireida/kireidesu. ― Hanako has pretty eyes. (literally, “Speaking of Hanako, her eyes are pretty.”)
3. 辞書(じしょ)はウェブスターがいい/いいです。 ― jisho wa webusutā ga ī/īdesu. ― Talking about dictionaries, Webster’s is good.

Examples:

1. たかしはテニスが上手(じょうず)だ。 ― takashi wa tenisu ga jōzuda. ― Takashi is good at tennis. (literally, “Speaking of Takashi, his [skill at] tennis is proficient.”)
2. 私(わたし)はボーイフレンドがほしい。 ― watashi wa bōifurendo ga hoshī. ― I want a boyfriend. (literally, “Talking about me, a boyfriend is wanted.”)
3. 僕(ぼく)はフットボールが好(す)きだ。 ― boku wa futtobōru ga sukida. ― I like football. (literally, “To me, football is my favourite.”)
4. 象(ぞう)は鼻(はな)が長(なが)い。 ― zō wa hana ga nagai. ― Elephants have long trunks. (literally, “Speaking of elephants, their noses are long.”)
5. 私(わたし)はおなかがすいた。 ― watashi wa onaka ga suita. ― I am hungry. (literally, “Talking about me, my stomach got empty.”)
6. ミラーさんは背(せ)が高(たか)い。 ― mirā-san wa se ga takai. ― Mr. Miller is tall.
7. 日本(にほん)はステーキが高(たか)い。 ― nihon wa sutēki ga takai. ― Steak is expensive in Japan. (literally, “Talking about Japan, steak is expensive [there].”)
8. 海(うみ)は日本海(にほんかい)がきれいだ。 ― umi wa nihonkai ga kireida. ― Talking about the sea, the Japan Sea is clean.
9. 日本(にほん)の野球(やきゅう)はどこが強(つよ)いですか。 ― nihon no yakyū wa doko ga tsuyoidesu ka. ― Talking about baseball in Japan, which [baseball team] is strong?

Notes:

1. “AはBがC” is one of the basic constructions in Japanese. In this construction, C usually expresses something about B and “BがC” expresses something about A, as illustrated in (1).
   (1) A<-は->(B<-が->C)
2. Sentences utilizing this construction may be categorized into three classes:
   1. A is human, and “BがC” expresses A’s physical and/or mental state, for example, ability or desire, as in Key Sentence (1), Examples (a), (b) and (c).
   2. B is part of A, and C expresses something about B, which, in turn, expresses something about A, as in Key Sentence (2), Examples (d), (e), (f) and (g).
   3. B is a member of A, and C expresses something about B, as in Key Sentence (3), Examples (h) and (i).
3. Listed below are the verbs and adjectives which usually require the “AはBがC” construction. (Sentences with these verbs and adjectives belong to Class (A) in Note 2.)
   

   (2) Ability:
   分(わ)かる ― wakaru ― be understandable; understand
   出来(でき)る ― dekiru ― can be done; can do
   られる(2) ― rareru (2) ― can
   見(み)える ― mieru ― be visible
   聞(き)こえる ― kikoeru ― be audible
   上手(じょうず)だ ― jōzuda ― good at
   下手(へた)だ ― hetada ― poor at
   得意(とくい)だ ― tokuida ― proudly good at
   苦手(にがて)だ ― nigateda ― ashamedly poor at
   (See Talk:聞こえる; Talk:見える; Talk:られる)

   (3) Desire/Need:
   ほしい(1) ― hoshī (1) ― desirable; want
   たい ― tai ― want to
   いる(3) ― iru (3) ― be necessary; need
   必要(ひつよう)だ ― hitsuyōda ― necessary
   (See Talk:ほしい; Talk:いる; Talk:たい)

   (4) Fondness:
   好(す)きだ ― sukida ― be liked; like
   きらいだ ― kiraida ― be disliked; dislike
   (See Talk:嫌い; Talk:好き)

   (5) Emotion:
   はずかしい ― hazukashī ― embarrassing
   にくらしい ― nikurashī ― hateful
   こわい ― kowai ― fearful
   くやしい ― kuyashī ― vexing
   なつかしい ― natsukashī ― nostalgic
   おそろしい ― osoroshī ― dreadful
   

   うらやましい ― urayamashī ― enviable
   

Makino, Seiichi, and Michio Tsutsui. A Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar. Tokyo, The Japan Times, Ltd., 1994, pp. 525-527.

Wise Bridges Fool Walls (talk) 8:44 15 September 2024 (UTC) Wise Bridges Fool Walls (talk) 12:44, 15 September 2024 (UTC)