User:Wpi/HKE
< User:Wpi
Overview[edit]
Works that are too old may not reflect recent changes and are thus omitted. American influence is mentioned in several works, including Deterding 2008. I however hypothesise that this is due to Canadian influence in the backwards migration, as demonstrated in the Canadian raising in HKE.
Consonants[edit]
| RP [consonant 1] | Setter 2010 | Cummings 2011 | Hung 2012 | OED |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| p | p | p | p | p |
| b | b | b | b | b[consonant 2] |
| t | t | t | t | t |
| d | d | d | d | d[consonant 2] |
| k | k | k | k | k |
| ɡ | ɡ | ɡ | ɡ | ɡ[consonant 2] |
| f | f | f | f | f |
| v | (v) (as w or f, lexically motivated) | v | (w or f) | (w or f) |
| θ | θ (as f) | - | (θ) (as f) | f |
| ð | (ð) (as d) | - | d | d[consonant 3] |
| s | s[consonant 4] | s | s | s |
| z | (z) | z | s | s |
| ʃ | ʃ | ʃ | ʃ | ʃ |
| ʒ | (ʒ) | - | ʃ | ʃ |
| tʃ | tʃ | tʃ | tʃ | tʃ |
| dʒ | dʒ | dʒ | dʒ | dʒ |
| h | h | h | h | h |
| m | m | m | m | m |
| n | n | n | n | n |
| ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ |
| w | w | w | w | w |
| ɹ | ɹ[consonant 5] | ɹ[consonant 5] | ɹ[consonant 5] | ɹ[consonant 5] |
| l | l | l | l | l |
| j | j | j | j | j |
Notes[edit]
- Hung notes (and Setter mentions this note) that the voiced consonants are not truely voiced, but are similar to the distinction in native Englishes [i.e. fortis-lenis]
- Setter (and Hung) notes that voiced/voiceless fricatives are non-contrastive
- Hung, Deterding, Setter all note that there is some form of an n-l alteration/conflation, to different degrees. This is further elaborated by Setter that this is due to consonant harmony.
- Observation /v/ is always [f] in coda position.
- Deterding does not give an comprehensive view of the consonant inventory, but notes the following:
- θ and ð are usually realised as f and d
- -s sometimes replaces -t
- /kɹ/ is pronounced as [kl], but not so for /pɹ/
- OED mentions that
- s and ʃ can interchange, but no rules have been established yet, so the pronunciation defaults to follow the British one
- /tɹ/ becomes [t͡ʃw], same as /tw/
- All sources suggest cluster simplification, in one form or other
Vowels[edit]
| Lexical Set | Deterding 2008 | Setter 2010 | Cummings 2011 | Hung 2012 | OED |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FLEECE | merged | i | i | i | i |
| KIT | i | i | i | i | |
| DRESS | merged | ɛ | e | ɛ | ɛ |
| TRAP | ɛ | æ | ɛ | ɛ | |
| BATH | - | ɑ | a(ː) | ɑ | ɑ |
| PALM | - | ɑ | a(ː) | ɑ | ɑ |
| START | - | ɑ | a(ː) | ɑ | ɑ |
| LOT | perhaps merged | ɔ | ɔ(ː) | ɔ | ɔ |
| CLOTH | ɔ | ɔ(ː) | ɔ | ɔ | |
| THOUGHT | ɔ | ɔ(ː) | ɔ | ɔ | |
| NORTH | ɔ | ɔ(ː) | ɔ | ɔ | |
| FORCE | ɔ | ɔ(ː) | ɔ | ɔ | |
| FOOT | u | u(ː) | u | u | |
| GOOSE | u (as ʉ) | u (as ʉ) | u(ː) | u | u |
| STRUT | ʌ | ʌ | ʌ | ʌ | |
| FACE | close to RP | eɪ | eɪ | eɪ | eɪ |
| PRICE | aɪ | aɪ | aɪ | aɪ | |
| MOUTH | aʊ | aʊ | aʊ | aʊ | |
| GOAT | close to RP | oʊ | oʊ | oʊ | oʊ |
| CHOICE | ɔɪ | ɔɪ | ɔɪ | ɔɪ | |
| SQUARE | ɛə | - | ɛə | ɛə | |
| NEAR | ɪə | - | ɪə | ɪə | |
| CURE | ʊə | - | - | ʊə | |
| POOR | ʊə | - | ʊə | - | |
| NURSE | ɜ | ɜː | ɜ | ɜ | |
| happY | i | i | - | i | |
| commA | ə | - | - | ə | |
| lettER | ə | - | - | ə | |
| Ago | - | ə | - | ə |
Notes[edit]
- Deterding, Setter, OED notes American influence on some speakers.
- Observation: FORCE seems to be retained as /ɔə/ in open syllables and realised as two syllables
- or at least preserved in certain Cantonese loans, e.g. core ko1 aa2, more mo1 aa4
Diphthong reduction/allophones[edit]
- Splitting at consonant boundaries is avoided. Most younger speakers (including myself) do not have all changes listed here. Some of these are inferred from loanwords.
- Hung posits the following "diphthong reduction rule":
VV → V/ __ [+stop] - Hung notes that the change in /n/ to /ŋ/ is a separate process.
- However, I should note that this occurs in parallel with /t/ to /k/ in certain words (nasal-plosive stops in Cantonese are strongly tied)
[insert table]
Realisation of schwa[edit]
- [s/ʃ]ə[n/t/d] > SɵN
- e.g. station [ˈstʰeɪ.ʃɵn]
Stress[edit]
- Setter 2010 suggests -ation, -ative, etc. attracts stress.
- Observation: words are usually analysed to be split by affixes, and the stress is put on the "root", except for the -ative and -ation suggested by Setter 2010.
Miscellaneous[edit]
- Observation /-l/ seems to result in l-vocalisation even when not in the coda position, e.g. similar = sim1 miu4 laa4, binomial = baai6 no1 miu4
References[edit]
Generally speaking, Jane Setter's 2010 book is a definitive work.
- David Deterding, Jennie Wong, & Andy Kirkpatrick (2008) “The Pronunciation of Hong Kong English”, in English World-Wide,
- Jane Setter (2008) “Consonant clusters in Hong Kong English”, in World Englishes, volume 27, number 3, pages 502–515
- Irina-Ana Drobot (2008) “Hong Kong English: Phonological Features”, in BWPL
- Jane Setter, Cathy S. P. Wong, & Brian H. S. Chan (2010) Dialects of English:Hong Kong English, →ISBN
- Patrick J. Cummings, Hans-Georg Wolf (2011) A Dictionary of Hong Kong English: Words from the Fragrant Harbor, Hong Kong University Press, →ISBN
- Tony T.N. Hung (2012) chapter 7, in English in Southeast Asia: Features, policy, and language in use, →ISBN [note 1]
- Jane Setter, Chris Ryder, & Penny Mok (2015) “Phonology in New Varieties of English: Hong Kong English Diphthongs”, in the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS), Glasgow
- “Pronunciation model: Hong Kong English”, in Oxford English Dictionary[1], (Can we date this quote?)[note 2]
- “Pronunciation Features of Hong Kong English (Cantonese speakers)”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name)[2], (Can we date this quote?)