ewen
Ainu
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Applicative form of wen; from e- (“about”) + wen (“to be bad”)
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]ewen (Kana spelling エウェン)
- (transitive, auxiliary) to be hard (to do), to have difficulty doing
- Asir itak epakasnu’ewen pe ruwe ne.
- Learning a new language is difficult.
- (transitive, for food) to have something bad about, to be something off with
- Ku-ipe ewen humi ne noyne ku-honi arka.
- There was something wrong with my food, I guess. It is making my stomach hurt.
- (transitive) to waste, to throw away
- E-kor icen na e-ewen!
- You’re still wasting your money!
Usage Notes
[edit]- As any auxiliary verb, ewen doesn’t take any pronominal preffix.
Conjugation
[edit]| case | objective | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | ||||||
| number | singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
| subjective | 1st | singular | eci=ewen | eci=ewen | k(u)=ewen | k(u)=ewen | ku=i=ewen | ku=i=ewen | ||
| plural | eci=ewen | eci=ewen | c(i)=ewen | c(i)=ewen | a=i=ewen | a=i=ewen | ||||
| 2nd | singular | en=ewen | un=ewen | e=ewen | e=ewen | e=i=ewen | e=i=ewen | |||
| plural | eci=en=ewen | eci=un=ewen | eci=ewen | eci=ewen | eci=i=ewen | eci=i=ewen | ||||
| 3rd | singular | en=ewen | un=ewen | e=ewen | eci=ewen | ewen | ewen | i=ewen | i=ewen | |
| plural | en=ewen | un=ewen | e=ewen | eci=ewen | ewen | ewen | i=ewen | i=ewen | ||
| 4th | singular | a=en=ewen | a=un=ewen | a=e=ewen | a=eci=ewen | a=ewen | a=ewen | a=i=ewen | a=i=ewen | |
| plural | a=en=ewen | a=un=ewen | a=e=ewen | a=eci=ewen | a=ewen | a=ewen | a=i=ewen | a=i=ewen | ||
†1st-person plurals are exclusive. Inclusive 1st-person plurals are denoted by 4th-person.
†4th-person: indefinite person, 1st-person inclusive plural, logophorical person, 2nd-person honorific, etc.
See Ainu grammar.
Inflection
[edit]Inflection of wen
| Number | Script | Reciprocal | Reflexive | Voices | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antipassive | Passive | Applicative | Anticausative | ||||||
| e | ko | o | |||||||
| Singular | Latin | — | yaywente | iwente | — | ewen | kowen, ukowen | — | siwente |
| Plural | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Singular | Katakana | — | ヤイウェンテ | イウェンテ | — | エウェン | コウェン, ウコウェン | — | シウェンテ |
| Plural | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Number | Script | Aspects | Direct causative | Indirect causative | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perfective / Perfect | Iterative / Habitual | Completive | Progressive | Terminative / Durative | ||||
| Singular | Latin | wen a | wen ranke | wen okere | wen kor an / okay | wen wa an / okay | wente | — |
| Plural | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Singular | Katakana | ウェン ア | ウェン ランケ | ウェン オケレ | ウェン コㇿ アン / オカイ | ウェン ワ アン / オカイ | ウェンテ | — |
| Plural | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
Middle English
[edit]Noun
[edit]ewen
Ngaju
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]ewen
References
[edit]- Sumadi et al. (2013). Kamus Dwibahasa Dayak Ngaju – Indonesia. Palangka Raya: Balai Bahasa Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah. p. 35.