-en
Contents
- 1 English
- 2 Basque
- 3 Chuukese
- 4 Danish
- 5 Dutch
- 6 Emilian
- 7 Finnish
- 8 German
- 9 Hungarian
- 10 Japanese
- 11 Low German
- 12 Luxembourgish
- 13 Middle Dutch
- 14 Middle English
- 15 Old English
- 16 Spanish
- 17 Swedish
- 18 Welsh
English[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
- (usually) IPA(key): /ən/
- (after /t/, /d/ also) IPA(key): /n̩/
- In many accents, -en routinely gives up its vowel syllable when given additional suffixes. For example, fatten /ˈfæt.n̩/ + -ing /-ɪŋ/ can be /ˈfæt.n̩.ɪŋ/ or /ˈfæt.nɪŋ/.
- Even in many accents where this habitual syllable deletion is less usual, the syllable loss may still predominate for certain inflections that have become common words in their own right, such as gardener /ɡɑː(ɹ)d.nə(ɹ)/.
- Syllable loss may be habitually prevented to avoid merging with more deeply entrenched inflections, such as for keeping the generic inflection lightening /ˈlaɪt.n̩.ɪŋ/ from being pronounced identically to the established term lightning /ˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/ (notice the e is no longer written), even if they both independently derived from a combination of lighten + -ing.
- But syllable loss may resume with inflections that are not in danger of merging with an established word, such as enlightening, which can be pronounced /ɛnˈlaɪt.n̩.ɪŋ/ or /ɛnˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/ because enlightning is not a common word outside of slang.
Etymology 1[edit]
From Middle English -n, -en, past participle ending of strong verbs (compare Middle English take(n), took, taken (“take, took, taken”)), from Old Norse -inn, past participle ending of strong verbs (compare Old Norse taka, tók, tekinn (“take, took, taken”)). From Proto-Norse *-īna- (*-īna-), from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz (compare Etymology 4, below). Replaced the native past participle ending of strong verbs (from Old English -en) in some words, which had weakened to -e or disappeared (compare Southern Middle English do(n), dud(e), ydo (“do, did, done”)), but not in others (compare cume(n), com, ycume (“come, came, come”)), from Proto-Germanic *-anaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-nós.
Suffix[edit]
-en
- Denotes the past participle form when attached to a verb.
- Denotes a quasi-past participle or participle-like adjective when attached to a noun or verb.
Usage notes[edit]
Some linguistic writing on English, such as The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar, uses -en as the name of an abstract morpheme which forms the past participle of all English verbs, even those which do not actually contain the suffix -en, such as cook + -en → cooked.
Derived terms[edit]
Etymology 2[edit]
From Middle English -en, from Old English -an, from Proto-Germanic *-an-, *-in-, from Proto-Indo-European *-én-.
From Middle English -n (in words ending in a vowel: flee: fleen "flea: fleas") and -en. Noun plural marker (predominantly in Southern dialects of Middle English), from Old English nominative-accusative plural ending of weak nouns (n-stem declension); compare nama m (“name”) + -en → naman (“names”); hlǣfdīġe f (“lady”) + -en → hlǣfdīġan (“ladies”); ēare n (“ear”) + -en → ēaran (“ears”). Assisted by Middle English dative plural ending -n, -en from late O.E. -un, -on, weakened form of earlier -um. Akin to Old High German n-stem (compare namo: namon "name: names"), Latin n-stem (compare homo: homin-)
Suffix[edit]
-en
- Can be used to denote the plural form of a small number of English words, the majority of whose etymology goes back to the n-stem (i.e. weak noun) declension of Germanic languages.
- (dialectal or nonstandard, rare) Used to form the plural of nouns
- 1890, John Drummond Robertson, lord Henry Haughton Reynolds Moreton, A Glossary of Dialect & Archaic Words Used in the County of Gloucester:
- Moder, gyn, will not y washen' the dishen'. i. Mother, Jone, will not wash the dishes.
- 2007, James Patrick Kelly, John Kessel, Rewired: The Post-Cyberpunk Anthology:
- There was one other user logged in, “scaredy,” and he checked the process monitor and saw that scaredy had spawned all the hundreds of processes that were probing him and plenty of other boxen.
-
2012, Jenny Lawson, Let's Pretend This Never Happened:
- Victor and I are having a huge argument about whether or not to feed the foxen. Victor says yes, because they're adorable and— according to the neighbors—are quite tame. I say no, because we have a fat little pug who likes to frolic outside occasionally and I don't want to see him eaten. I thought we were on the same page about the fox, but then Victor went and threw an apple at it. And I was all, “What the fuck? We don't feed the foxen,” and he said, “I was throwing the apple at it to chase it away,” but Victor is a tremendous liar, and he didn't go to pick up the apple, probably because he knows that foxen love apple cider.
- 2015, David Greygoose, Brunt Boggart:
- For now the boys grew whiskers and hung fox pelts from their shoulders and the girlen all wore scarlet skirts and braided ribbons through their hair.
- 1890, John Drummond Robertson, lord Henry Haughton Reynolds Moreton, A Glossary of Dialect & Archaic Words Used in the County of Gloucester:
Usage notes[edit]
Seldom productive, outside of occasional humorous use, particularly in computer hacker subculture. Notable examples are boxen, Unixen, VAXen.
Derived terms[edit]
- See also: Category:English plurals ending in "-en"
Etymology 3[edit]
From Middle English -(e)nen, -(e)nien, from Old English -nian, from Proto-Germanic *-inōną. Cognate with Danish -ne, Swedish -na, Icelandic -na.
Suffix[edit]
-en
- When attached to certain adjectives, it forms a transitive verb whose meaning is, to make (adjective). Usually, the verb is ergative, sometimes not. The same construction could also be done to certain (fewer) nouns, as, strengthen, in which case the verb means roughly, to give (noun) to.
Examples |
---|
From adjectives: whiten, quicken |
Usage notes[edit]
- Although -en is a very common verb ending, it is not currently very productive in forming new words, being mostly restricted to monosyllabic bases which end in an obstruent; new formations tend to be nonstandard or humorous.
Derived terms[edit]
Translations[edit]
Etymology 4[edit]
From Middle English -en, from Old English -en, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz; suffix meaning "made of, consisting of, having the qualities of" applied to nouns to form adjectives. Akin to Dutch -en, German -en, Icelandic -inn, Latin -īnus. See -ine.
Alternative forms[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-en
- Suffix meaning "pertaining to", "having the qualities of", "resembling", "like".
- When attached to certain nouns that are the names of a material, it forms an adjective whose meaning is, made of (noun). This is a formative pattern with many obsolescent remnants. Changes in the form of the root noun, and the dropping of the "e" in the suffix occur. There are also orphan formations whose root has been lost to the current language.
Derived terms[edit]
Etymology 5[edit]
From Middle English -en, from Old English -en, from the neuter form of -en4.
Suffix[edit]
-en
- Used to form the diminutives of certain nouns.
See also[edit]
Etymology 6[edit]
From Middle English -en, a blending of Old English infintives -an and -n, from Proto-Germanic *-aną.
Suffix[edit]
-en
- (obsolete) Used to form the infinitive of verbs.
- 1592, William Shakespeare, Richard III:
- The Sonne compell'd, beene Butcher to the Sire...
- 1599, Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene:
- As gentle Shepheard in sweete euen-tide, When ruddy Phoebus gins to welke in west, High on an hill, his flocke to vewen wide […]
- c. 1608, William Shakespeare, Pericles, Prince of Tyre, II
- From others' labours; for though he strive
- To killen bad, keep good alive;
- 1844, William Barnes, “Bringen Wonne Gwäin O' Zundays”, in Poems of Rural Life in the Dorset Dialect.
- 1592, William Shakespeare, Richard III:
- (obsolete) Used to form the plural present tense of verbs.
- 1579, Edmund Spenser, The Shepheardes Calender
- And when the shining sunne laugheth once,
- You deemen the spring is come attonce.
- Tho gynne you, fond flyes, the cold to scorne,
- And, crowing in pypes made of greene corne,
- You thinken to be lords of the yeare.
- 1590, Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene, Book I, Canto IV:
- So forth they marchen in this goodly sort,
- To take the solace of the open aire,
- c. 1590-97, William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's Dream, II, i
- And then the whole quire hold their hips and laugh,
- And waxen in their mirth and neeze and swear
- A merrier hour was never wasted there.
- c. 1608, William Shakespeare, Pericles, Prince of Tyre, II
- All perishen of man, of pelf,
- Ne aught escapen but himself;
- 1579, Edmund Spenser, The Shepheardes Calender
Usage notes[edit]
- Having begun to fade by the 15th century, it was used in Early Modern English primarily to show archaic or rustic speech.
- The weakening and loss of the marker caused some verbs to blend with verbs marked by Etymology 3; for example, Middle English learen (“to teach”) blended with learnen (“to learn”), which resulted in learn having a (dialectal) double meaning.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
Anagrams[edit]
Basque[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-en
- used to form the superlative of adjectives
Chuukese[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-en
Synonyms[edit]
Danish[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-en
- Forms the singular definite form of nouns of the common gender.
- Forms gerunds from verbs, these nouns being indeclinable and of the common gender.
- (organic chemistry) Identifies an alkene, these being of either the common or the neuter gender; -ene.
- (obsolete) Forms adverbs from adjectives
Usage notes[edit]
- If the noun from which the singular definite is formed already ends in an unstressed schwa, this is not doubled: kage, kagen (but if the -e is stressed, a schwa is appended normally: ske, skeen; allé, alléen). If it ends with a consonant and the last vowel is short, the last consonant is usually doubled in native and nativized words, if it is one of {k, l, m, n, p, s, t}: hat, hatten. This is however not a reliable rule.
- The current way of forming adverbs from adjectives is with -t.
Derived terms[edit]
Dutch[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
Primarily from weak class 2, from Middle Dutch -en, from Old Dutch -on, from Proto-Germanic *-ōną, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti (denominative) and *-h₂ti (factitive).
Suffix[edit]
-en
- Forms verbs from nouns and adjectives. The stem of the word itself does not change.
Inflection[edit]
For verb stems ending in a voiced consonant:
Inflection of -en (weak) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
infinitive | -en | |||
past singular | -de | |||
past participle | ge- -d | |||
infinitive | -en | |||
gerund | -en n | |||
verbal noun | — | |||
present tense | past tense | |||
1st person singular | - | -de | ||
2nd person sing. (jij) | -t | -de | ||
2nd person sing. (u) | -t | -de | ||
2nd person sing. (gij) | -t | -de | ||
3rd person singular | -t | -de | ||
plural | -en | -den | ||
subjunctive sing.1 | -e | -de | ||
subjunctive plur.1 | -en | -den | ||
imperative sing. | - | |||
imperative plur.1 | -t | |||
participles | -end | ge- -d | ||
1) Archaic. |
For verb stems ending in a voiceless consonant:
Inflection of -en (weak) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
infinitive | -en | |||
past singular | -te | |||
past participle | ge- -t | |||
infinitive | -en | |||
gerund | -en n | |||
verbal noun | — | |||
present tense | past tense | |||
1st person singular | - | -te | ||
2nd person sing. (jij) | -t | -te | ||
2nd person sing. (u) | -t | -te | ||
2nd person sing. (gij) | -t | -te | ||
3rd person singular | -t | -te | ||
plural | -en | -ten | ||
subjunctive sing.1 | -e | -te | ||
subjunctive plur.1 | -en | -ten | ||
imperative sing. | - | |||
imperative plur.1 | -t | |||
participles | -end | ge- -t | ||
1) Archaic. |
Derived terms[edit]
Etymology 2[edit]
From Middle Dutch -ijn, -in, -en, from Old Dutch *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.
Suffix[edit]
-en
- Forms adjectives that indicate the substance from which something is made.
Inflection[edit]
Inflection of -en | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
uninflected | -en | |||
inflected | -en | |||
comparative | — | |||
positive | ||||
predicative/adverbial | — | |||
indefinite | m./f. sing. | -en | ||
n. sing. | -en | |||
plural | -en | |||
definite | -en | |||
partitive | — |
Derived terms[edit]
Etymology 3[edit]
From Middle Dutch -en, a merger of various Old Dutch infinitive suffixes:
- The strong infinitive -an, from Proto-Germanic *-aną.
- The weak class 1 infinitive -en, -ien, from Proto-Germanic *-janą, *-ijaną.
- The weak class 2 infinitive -on, from Proto-Germanic *-ōną.
Suffix[edit]
-en
- Ending of the infinitive form of verbs.
Etymology 4[edit]
From Middle Dutch -en, from Old Dutch -an, from Proto-Germanic *-anaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-nós.
Suffix[edit]
-en
- The ending of the past participle of strong verbs. This can also function as an adjective.
Inflection[edit]
Inflection of -en | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
uninflected | -en | |||
inflected | -en | |||
comparative | -ener | |||
positive | comparative | superlative | ||
predicative/adverbial | -en | -ener | het -enst het -enste |
|
indefinite | m./f. sing. | -en | -ener | -enste |
n. sing. | -en | -ener | -enste | |
plural | -en | -ener | -enste | |
definite | -en | -ener | -enste | |
partitive | -ens | -eners | — |
Etymology 5[edit]
From various case forms of the Germanic weak nominal inflection.
Suffix[edit]
-en
- The ending of the plural form of many nouns.
- Taken by adjectives used as nouns, to form the plural form of such nouns.
- (archaic, not productive) The ending of a number of weak case endings of the adjective or the article.
- (archaic, not productive) The ending of the genitive case of certain nouns.
Etymology 6[edit]
From various first- and third-person plural forms of Germanic verbs.
Suffix[edit]
-en
- The ending of the plural forms of verbs, in both present and past tense.
Etymology 7[edit]
From Old Dutch -ana, from Proto-Germanic *-anē.
Suffix[edit]
-en
Emilian[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Pronoun[edit]
-en (adverbial)
- (enclitic, after a consonant) Alternative form of in
-
Mānjen un pōk! ― Eat some of it! (imperative, singular)
-
Finnish[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-en
- Suffix variant for the illative singular, see -Vn.
- Suffix for the genitive plural. Usually preceded by the plural marker -i- or -j-, but may also have a consonant separator -d- after the plural marker if the words would otherwise have 3 consecutive vowels.
- (personal) Forms the impersonal potential present forms of verbs, appended to the infinitive, followed by the potential mood marker -ne-.
- No changes in infinitives of verbs that end in one a/ä, except for consonant gradation in verbs ending with -da/-dä and the doubled t in verbs ending with a vowel and -ta/-tä. This -en is preceded by the mood marker -ne-.
- juosta + -ne- + -en → juostaneen
- nähdä + -ne- + -en → nähtäneen
- haluta + -ne- + -en → haluttaneen
- In verbs ending in -oa/-öä or -ua/-yä, the beginning stem is followed by -tta-/-ttä, the mood marker -ne- and then by this — consonant gradation occurs.
- sanoa, stem sano- + -tta- + -ne- + -en → sanottaneen
- kertoa, stem ker- + -to- → -ro- + -tta + -en → kerrottaneen
- huolestua, stem huolestu- + -tta- + -ne- + -en → huolestuttaneen
- saapua, stem saa- + -pu- → -vu- + -tta- + -ne- + -en → saavuttaneen
- säilöä, stem säilö- + -ttä- + -ne- + -en → säilöttäneen
- säilyä, stem säily- + -ttä- + -ne- + -en → säilyttäneen
- häipyä, stem häi- + -py- → -vy- + -ttä- + -ne- + -en → häivyttäneen
- In verbs ending in -aa/-ää or -ea/-eä, the beginning stem is followed by -etta-, the mood marker -ne- and then by this — consonant gradation occurs.
- paistaa, stem paist- + -etta- + -ne- + -en → paistettaneen
- laskea, stem lask- + -etta- + -ne- + -en → laskettaneen
- iskeä, stem isk- + -että- + -ne- + -en → iskettäneen
- laittaa, stem lait- (another t disappears) + -etta- + -ne- + -en → laitettaneen
- vaihtaa, stem vaih- + -t- → -d- + -etta- + -en- → vaihdettaneen
- No changes in infinitives of verbs that end in one a/ä, except for consonant gradation in verbs ending with -da/-dä and the doubled t in verbs ending with a vowel and -ta/-tä. This -en is preceded by the mood marker -ne-.
- (possessive) A variant for the third-person possessive suffixes -nsa and -nsä, see the usage notes below.
Usage notes[edit]
- (third-person possessive suffix variant) When the third-person possessive suffix -nsa/-nsä is appended to nouns that are in singular and plural allative and translative and plural comitative, the S and A/Ä are very often omitted from the suffix and the last E of the case suffix preceding the remaining N is doubled — resulting in this -en. In standard Finnish, both the "full" form and the shortened form are acceptable. This same omission takes very often place also in the long first infinitives, used in a shortened sentence expressing "(in order) to do" (see the meanings of -nsa and -nsä):
-
- Singular
- (allat.) kirjallensa → kirjalleen
- (trans.) kirjaksensa → kirjakseen
-
- Plural
- (allat.) kirjoillensa → kirjoilleen
- (trans.) kirjoiksensa → kirjoikseen
- (comit.) kirjoinensa → kirjoineen
Anagrams[edit]
German[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
From Middle High German -en, a merger of various terminations in Old High German reflecting different conjugational patterns, namely -an, -ōn, -en (-ien), and -nen, from Proto-Germanic *-aną, *-ōną, *-janą, *-āną, and *-naną.
Alternative forms[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
- IPA(key): /ən/
- IPA(key): [ən] (possible in all contexts, but rare in most regions)
- IPA(key): [m̩] (after labial stops and sometimes labial nasals and fricatives)
- IPA(key): [ŋ̍] (after velar stops and sometimes velar nasals and fricatives)
- IPA(key): [l̩n] (with -l- after a full vowel)
- IPA(key): [ɐn] (with -r- after a full vowel)
- IPA(key): [n̩] (otherwise)
Suffix[edit]
-en
- A suffix of all verbs in their infinitive form.
- A suffix indicating the 1st and 3rd person plural forms (except the present indicative sind of sein).
-
wir kommen ― we arrive
-
sie kommen ― they arrive
-
- A suffix appended to strong verb stems to form the past participle, usually together with ge-.
Etymology 2[edit]
From Middle High German -en, a merger of various terminations in Old High German reflecting different declensional patterns.
Alternative forms[edit]
- -n (after -er, -el in nouns, but not usually in adjectives)
Pronunciation[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-en
- A suffix appended to some nouns in all of their plural forms. These nouns are so-called “weak” or “mixed” nouns; they are most often feminine, often masculine, rarely neuter.
- A suffix appended to weak masculine nouns in all oblique cases of the singular, and to some mixed nouns in the singular dative and accusative
- A suffix appended to most other nouns, the so-called “strong” nouns, in their plural dative
- A suffix (in fact, the most common declensional ending) which is appended to determiners, adjectives, and participles, for multiple forms of all grammatical cases, both singular and plural.
See also[edit]
Etymology 3[edit]
From Middle High German -en, from Old High German -īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.
Alternative forms[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-en
- A suffix which is used to create adjectives that most often refer to materials
Etymology 4[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-en
Derived terms[edit]
Hungarian[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-en
- (adverbial suffix) Added to an adjective or numeral to create an adverb.
- (case suffix) on. Used to form the superessive case.
- (verb suffix) Added to a stem - often an onomatopoeia - to form a verb expressing an instantaneous action.
Usage notes[edit]
- (adverbial suffix): See under -n
Case | Back vowel a, á, o, ó, u, ú |
Front vowel | |
---|---|---|---|
unrounded e, é, i, í |
rounded ö, ő, ü, ű |
||
nominative | — | ||
accusative | -t | ||
-ot / -at | -et | -öt | |
dative | -nak | -nek | |
instrumental | -val | -vel | |
causal-final | -ért | ||
translative | -vá | -vé | |
terminative | -ig | ||
essive-formal | -ként | ||
essive-modal | -ul | -ül | |
inessive | -ban | -ben | |
superessive | -n | ||
-on | -en | -ön | |
adessive | -nál | -nél | |
illative | -ba | -be | |
sublative | -ra | -re | |
allative | -hoz | -hez | -höz |
elative | -ból | -ből | |
delative | -ról | -ről | |
ablative | -tól | -től | |
Note for all endings: Stem-final -a/-e changes to -á-/-é-, respectively, except -ként. alma - almában, but almaként zene - zenében, but zeneként |
- (case suffix) Harmonic variants:
- (verb suffix): See under -an
Derived terms[edit]
See also[edit]
- Category:Hungarian words taking -n/-on/-en/-ön
- Category:Hungarian noun forms
- Appendix:Hungarian suffixes
Japanese[edit]
Romanization[edit]
-en
Low German[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
From Middle Low German -inge, from Old Saxon -unga, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō. Cognate with Dutch -ing, Swedish -ning, German -ung, English -ing.
Pronunciation[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-en f
- forms nouns from verbs (called gerunds) or other nouns, usually describing either an event in which an action is carried out, or the result of that action; the equivalent of English -ing
Derived terms[edit]
Etymology 2[edit]
From Middle Low German -en, a blending of Old Saxon infintives -an, -ian and -on, from Proto-Germanic *-aną.
Suffix[edit]
-en
- Used to form the infinitive of verbs.
Luxembourgish[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-en
- Used for some nouns to form plural forms.
- Used to show the infinitive form of verbs.
- A suffix which is used to create adjectives that refer to materials
Usage notes[edit]
The suffix -en, like any ending that involves either -n or -nn, is subject to the Eifeler Regel. For example, Versioune weisen.
Middle Dutch[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
A merger of various infinitive suffixes:
- The strong infinitive Old Dutch -an, from Proto-Germanic *-aną.
- The weak class 1 infinitive Old Dutch -en, -ien, from Proto-Germanic *-janą, *-ijaną.
- The weak class 2 infinitive Old Dutch -on, from Proto-Germanic *-ōną.
Suffix[edit]
-en
- The ending of the infinitive form of verbs, used as a suffix to form new verbs as well.
Descendants[edit]
- Dutch: -en
Etymology 2[edit]
From the Old Dutch [Term?] strong past participle ending -an, from Proto-Germanic *-anaz.
Suffix[edit]
-en
- The ending of the past participle of strong verbs.
Descendants[edit]
- Dutch: -en
Etymology 3[edit]
From various first and third-person plural forms of Germanic verbs.
Suffix[edit]
-en
- The ending of the first- and third-person plural forms of verbs.
Descendants[edit]
- Dutch: -en
Etymology 4[edit]
From Old Dutch *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.
Suffix[edit]
-en
- Alternative form of -in
Middle English[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
From Old Norse -inn, past participle ending of strong verbs, from Proto-Norse *-īna- (*-īna-), from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz. Replaced the native past participle ending of strong verbs (from Old English -en) in some words, which had weakened to -e or disappeared.
Suffix[edit]
-en
- Denotes the past participle form when attached to a strong verb.
Usage notes[edit]
In many cases y- and -en are added together as a circumfix.
The full -en was better-preserved in the northern dialects, whereas in many cases the southern dialects shortened the affix to -n.
Descendants[edit]
- English: -en
References[edit]
- “-en, suf.(3)” in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 April 2018.
Alternative forms[edit]
Etymology 2[edit]
From Old English -an.
Suffix[edit]
-en
- Denotes the infinitive when attached to verbs.
References[edit]
- “-en, suf.(3)” in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 April 2018.
Alternative forms[edit]
Etymology 3[edit]
From Old English -on, -en.
Suffix[edit]
-en
- Denotes the past indicative plural form of verbs.
- Denotes the present and past subjunctive plural form of verbs.
- Denotes the present indicative plural form of certain verbs.
Usage notes[edit]
This suffix was increasingly reduced to -e.
The use of this suffix as present indicative plural was common in the Midland area, replacing -eth, -eþ.
Descendants[edit]
- English: -en
References[edit]
- “-en, suf.(7)” in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 April 2018.
Alternative forms[edit]
Etymology 4[edit]
From Old English -an, a plural and oblique case marker.
Suffix[edit]
-en
- Denotes the plural form of certain nouns.
- Denotes the oblique cases of certain nouns.
- Denotes the oblique cases and plural forms of weak adjectives.
Usage notes[edit]
This suffix as a plural marker is most heavily used in early Middle English, and is generally favoured in southern dialects, whereas northern dialects largely supplanted it with -es early.
Descendants[edit]
- English: -en
References[edit]
- “-en, suf.(5)” in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 April 2018.
- “-en, suf.(6)” in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 April 2018.
Etymology 5[edit]
From Old English -um.
Suffix[edit]
-en
References[edit]
- “-en, suf.(6)” in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 April 2018.
Etymology 6[edit]
From Old English -en (“characteristic of; made of”).
Suffix[edit]
-en
- Attached to a noun to form an adjective describing something as characteristic of, like, or pertaining to that noun.
- Attached to a noun that denotes a material to form an adjective describing something as made of that material.
Usage notes[edit]
The affixion of -en is sometimes accompanied by a mutation in the root vowel.
Descendants[edit]
- English: -en
References[edit]
- “-en, suf.(2)” in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 April 2018.
Etymology 7[edit]
From Old English -en.
Suffix[edit]
-en
- Denotes a diminutive form of a noun.
Descendants[edit]
- English: -en
Etymology 8[edit]
From Old English -en.
Suffix[edit]
-en
- Denotes a female form of a small, fixed number of nouns.
Derived terms[edit]
References[edit]
- “-en, suf.(1)” in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 April 2018.
Etymology 9[edit]
From Old English -nian, from Proto-Germanic *-inōną.
Suffix[edit]
-en
- Alternative form of -enen.
Old English[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
From Proto-Germanic *-īną
Suffix[edit]
-en n
- (causes i-mutation) used to create diminutive neuter nouns
Declension[edit]
- Neuter
Etymology 2[edit]
From Proto-Germanic *-njō, *-injō, *-unjō
Alternative forms[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-en f
- (often causes i-mutation) used to create feminine nouns from other nouns
Declension[edit]
- Feminine
Etymology 3[edit]
From Proto-Germanic *-īnaz
Suffix[edit]
-en
- (causes i-mutation) adjectival suffix meaning "material made of, consisting of"
Descendants[edit]
Etymology 4[edit]
From Proto-Germanic *-anaz
Suffix[edit]
-en
Etymology 5[edit]
From Proto-Germanic *-an-
Suffix[edit]
-en
- (adjective suffix) meaning belonging to or characterised by
Etymology 6[edit]
From Proto-Germanic *-īniz. Sometimes with geminate -nn-, probably due to confusion with the feminine suffix from *-injō.
Suffix[edit]
-en f
- (causes i-mutation) forms nouns from class 1 weak verbs
Spanish[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-en
- Suffix indicating the third-person plural present indicative of -er and -ir verbs.
- Suffix indicating the third-person plural present subjunctive of -ar verbs.
- Suffix indicating the third-person plural imperative of -ar verbs.
See also[edit]
Swedish[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Old Norse -inn, -in, from Proto-Germanic *jainaz, from Proto-Indo-European *i-.
Suffix[edit]
-en
- Suffix for definite form singular of common gender nouns which end in a consonant, e.g. fisk (“fish”) + -en → fisken (“the fish”); see also -n.
- Suffix for definite form plural of neuter nouns ending with consonant, e.g. träd (“tree”) + -en → träden (“the trees”).
- Suffix for indefinite form plural of only the neuter noun huvud (“head”), e.g. huvud (“head”) + -en → huvuden (“heads”).
- Suffix for the past participle of verbs belonging to the fourth (strong) declension, e.g. sjunga (“sing”) + -en → sjungen (“sung”), skjuta (“shoot”) + -en → skjuten (“shot”).
- Suffix which converts a few adjectives into adverbs, e.g. möjlig (“possible”) + -en → möjligen (“possibly”).
Welsh[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Proto-Brythonic *-enn.[1]
Pronunciation[edit]
- (North Wales) (standard) (colloquial) IPA(key): /ɛn/
- (North Wales) (colloquial) IPA(key): /an/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /ɛn/
Suffix[edit]
-en f (masculine -yn)
- Used to form feminine singulative forms of certain words
References[edit]
- ^ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1995) Studies in British Celtic historical phonology (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 5), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 260
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