-ir
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See also: Appendix:Variations of "ir"
Contents
French[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs. Cognate with Spanish -ir, Italian -ire, Romanian -i and -î, etc.
Suffix[edit]
-ir
- A suffix forming infinitives of many verbs.
Usage notes[edit]
- Most verbs with infinitives in -ir are marked by the once-inchoative infix -iss- in many parts of their conjugation, as well as in various derived words; two such verbs are choisir (“to choose”) and pourrir (“to rot”). A fair number of these have English counterparts in -ish; three such are finir (“to finish”), nourrir (“to feed, to nourish”), and polir (“to polish”).
- A sizable group of verbs have infinitives in -ir but do not use the infix -iss-, and are otherwise fairly regular; these include, among others, the common verbs sortir (“to go out, to take out”), partir (“to leave”), dormir (“to sleep”).
- This suffix is spelled -ïr on a few verbs where the previous syllable ends in a vowel, such as haïr (“to hate”) and ouïr (“to hear”). Additionally, it is spelled -ire on the verb maudire (“to curse”), by analogy with the related but irregular verb dire (“to say”).
- Not all verbs whose infinitives happen to end in these letters can truly be said to have this suffix; in particular, a fair number of irregular verbs have infinitives in the unrelated suffix -oir.
Conjugation[edit]
This is a regular verb of the second conjugation, like finir, choisir, and most other verbs with infinitives ending in -ir. One salient feature of this conjugation is the repeated appearance of the infix -iss-.
Conjugation of -ir (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| simple | compound | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | -ir | avoir -i | |||||
| gerund | en -issant | en ayant -i | |||||
| present participle | -issant /i.sɑ̃/ | ||||||
| past participle | -i /i/ | ||||||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il | nous | vous | ils | |
| simple tenses |
present | -is /i/ |
-is /i/ |
-it /i/ |
-issons /i.sɔ̃/ |
-issez /i.se/ |
-issent /is/ |
| imperfect | -issais /i.sɛ/ |
-issais /i.sɛ/ |
-issait /i.sɛ/ |
-issions /i.sjɔ̃/ |
-issiez /i.sje/ |
-issaient /i.sɛ/ | |
| past historic1 | -is /i/ |
-is /i/ |
-it /i/ |
-îmes /im/ |
-îtes /it/ |
-irent /iʁ/ | |
| future | -irai /i.ʁe/ |
-iras /i.ʁa/ |
-ira /i.ʁa/ |
-irons /i.ʁɔ̃/ |
-irez /i.ʁe/ |
-iront /i.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | -irais /i.ʁɛ/ |
-irais /i.ʁɛ/ |
-irait /i.ʁɛ/ |
-irions /i.ʁjɔ̃/ |
-iriez /i.ʁje/ |
-iraient /i.ʁɛ/ | |
| compound tenses |
present perfect | Use the present tense of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | Use the imperfect tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| past anterior1 | Use the past historic tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | Use the future tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | Use the conditional tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il | que nous | que vous | qu’ils | |
| simple tenses |
present | -isse /is/ |
-isses /is/ |
-isse /is/ |
-issions /i.sjɔ̃/ |
-issiez /i.sje/ |
-issent /is/ |
| imperfect1 | -isse /is/ |
-isses /is/ |
-ît /i/ |
-issions /i.sjɔ̃/ |
-issiez /i.sje/ |
-issent /is/ | |
| compound tenses |
past | Use the present subjunctive tense of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
| pluperfect1 | Use the imperfect subjunctive tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | tu | – | nous | vous | – | |
| — | -is /i/ |
— | -issons /i.sɔ̃/ |
-issez /i.se/ |
— | ||
| 1literary tenses | |||||||
See also[edit]
Ido[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-ir
- Used to denote the past infinitive of a verb.
- Me devas telefonir tu.
- I should have called you.
Related terms[edit]
Old French[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs.
Suffix[edit]
-ir
- suffix used to form infinitives of second conjugation verbs
See also[edit]
Portuguese[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs.
Suffix[edit]
-ir (first-person singular present indicative -o, past participle -ido)
- A verb ending for infinitives.
Conjugation[edit]
Conjugation of the Portuguese -ir verb -ir
| Notes:[edit] | ||||||
| Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First-person (eu) |
Second-person (tu) |
Third-person (ele / ela / você) |
First-person (nós) |
Second-person (vós) |
Third-person (eles / elas / vocês) | |
| Infinitive | ||||||
| Impersonal | -ir | |||||
| Personal | -ir | -ires | -ir | -irmos | -irdes | -irem |
| Gerund | ||||||
| -indo | ||||||
| Past participle | ||||||
| Masculine | -ido | -idos | ||||
| Feminine | -ida | -idas | ||||
| Indicative | ||||||
| Present | -o | -es | -e | -imos | -is | -em |
| Imperfect | -ia | -ias | -ia | -íamos | -íeis | -iam |
| Preterite | -i | -iste | -iu | -imos | -istes | -iram |
| Pluperfect | -ira | -iras | -ira | -íramos | -íreis | -iram |
| Future | -irei | -irás | -irá | -iremos | -ireis | -irão |
| Conditional | ||||||
| -iria | -irias | -iria | -iríamos | -iríeis | -iriam | |
| Subjunctive | ||||||
| Present | -a | -as | -a | -amos | -ais | -am |
| Imperfect | -isse | -isses | -isse | -íssemos | -ísseis | -issem |
| Future | -ir | -ires | -ir | -irmos | -irdes | -irem |
| Imperative | ||||||
| Affirmative | - | -e | -a | -amos | -i | -am |
| Negative (não) | - | -as | -a | -amos | -ais | -am |
Spanish[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs.
Suffix[edit]
-ir (first-person singular present -o, first-person singular preterite -í, past participle -ido)
- A verb ending for infinitives.
See also[edit]
Conjugation[edit]
Below are the suffixes for the regular conjugation of -ir verb
| infinitive | -ir | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gerund | -iendo | ||||||
| past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
| singular | -ido | -ida | |||||
| plural | -idos | -idas | |||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| indicative | yo | tú vos |
él/ella/ello usted |
nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ellos/ellas ustedes | |
| present | -o | -estú -ísvos |
-e | -imos | -ís | -en | |
| imperfect | -ía | -ías | -ía | -íamos | -íais | -ían | |
| preterite | -í | -iste | -ió | -imos | -isteis | -ieron | |
| future | -iré | -irás | -irá | -iremos | -iréis | -irán | |
| conditional | -iría | -irías | -iría | -iríamos | -iríais | -irían | |
| subjunctive | yo | tú vos |
él/ella/ello usted |
nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ellos/ellas ustedes | |
| present | -a | -astú -ásvos2 |
-a | -amos | -áis | -an | |
| imperfect (ra) |
-iera | -ieras | -iera | -iéramos | -ierais | -ieran | |
| imperfect (se) |
-iese | -ieses | -iese | -iésemos | -ieseis | -iesen | |
| future1 | -iere | -ieres | -iere | -iéremos | -iereis | -ieren | |
| imperative | — | tú vos |
usted | nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ustedes | |
| affirmative | -etú -ívos |
-a | -amos | -id | -an | ||
| negative | no -as | no -a | no -amos | no -áis | no -an | ||
Categories:
- French terms inherited from Latin
- French terms derived from Latin
- French lemmas
- French suffixes
- French verbs with conjugation -ir
- French second group verbs
- Ido lemmas
- Ido suffixes
- Ido terms with usage examples
- Old French terms derived from Latin
- Old French lemmas
- Old French suffixes
- Portuguese terms derived from Latin
- Portuguese lemmas
- Portuguese verbs
- Spanish terms derived from Latin
- Spanish lemmas
- Spanish verbs
- Spanish verbs ending in -ir
