-ir

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See also: Appendix:Variations of "ir"

Catalan[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs.

Suffix[edit]

-ir

  1. A verb ending for infinitives.

Derived terms[edit]

Catalan words suffixed with -ir

Further reading[edit]

French[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs. Cognate with Spanish -ir, Italian -ire, Romanian -i and -î, etc.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • Audio(file)

Suffix[edit]

-ir

  1. (non-productive) forms the infinitives of many verbs

Usage notes[edit]

  • Most verbs with infinitives in -ir are marked by the once-inchoative infix -iss- in many parts of their conjugation, as well as in various derived words; two such verbs are choisir (“to choose”) and pourrir (“to rot”). A fair number of these have English counterparts in -ish; some such examples are finir (“to finish”), nourrir (“to feed, to nourish”), accomplir (“to accomplish”), and polir (“to polish”).
  • Many verbs with infinitives in -ir have an inchoative meaning. Examples include blanchir (“to whiten, to bleach, to make whiter, to become pale”), durcir (“to harden, to make more rigid, to become stronger”), grandir (“to become bigger, to magnify, to make bigger”), rougir (“to redden, to blush, to become redder, to make redder”), and vieillir (“to age, to become older, to make older”).
  • A sizable group of verbs have infinitives in -ir but do not use the infix -iss-, and are otherwise fairly regular; these include, among others, the common verbs sortir (“to go out, to take out”), partir (“to leave”), dormir (“to sleep”) (but these examples are also irregular, with sors instead of *sortis). An irregular -ir verb which is truly conjugated exactly as a regular -ir verb except only without the infix (although it is dated and has a regular alternative conjugation) is chauvir.
  • This suffix is spelled -ïr on a few verbs where the previous syllable ends in a vowel, such as haïr (“to hate”) and ouïr (“to hear”). Additionally, it is spelled -ire on the verb maudire (“to curse”), by analogy with the related but irregular verb dire (“to say”), and the verb bruire.
  • Not all verbs whose infinitives happen to end in these letters can truly be said to have this suffix; in particular, a fair number of irregular verbs have infinitives in the unrelated suffix -oir.

Conjugation[edit]

This is a regular verb of the second conjugation, like finir, choisir, and most other verbs with infinitives ending in -ir. One salient feature of this conjugation is the repeated appearance of the infix -iss-.

Conjugation of -ir (see also Appendix:French verbs)
infinitive simple -ir
compound avoir + past participle
present participle or gerund1 simple -issant
/i.sɑ̃/
compound ayant + past participle
past participle -i
/i/
singular plural
first second third first second third
indicative je (j’) tu il, elle, on nous vous ils, elles
(simple
tenses) 		present -is
/i/ 		-is
/i/ 		-it
/i/ 		-issons
/i.sɔ̃/ 		-issez
/i.se/ 		-issent
/is/
imperfect -issais
/i.sɛ/ 		-issais
/i.sɛ/ 		-issait
/i.sɛ/ 		-issions
/i.sjɔ̃/ 		-issiez
/i.sje/ 		-issaient
/i.sɛ/
past historic2 -is
/i/ 		-is
/i/ 		-it
/i/ 		-îmes
/im/ 		-îtes
/it/ 		-irent
/iʁ/
future -irai
/i.ʁe/ 		-iras
/i.ʁa/ 		-ira
/i.ʁa/ 		-irons
/i.ʁɔ̃/ 		-irez
/i.ʁe/ 		-iront
/i.ʁɔ̃/
conditional -irais
/i.ʁɛ/ 		-irais
/i.ʁɛ/ 		-irait
/i.ʁɛ/ 		-irions
/i.ʁjɔ̃/ 		-iriez
/i.ʁje/ 		-iraient
/i.ʁɛ/
(compound
tenses) 		present perfect present indicative of avoir + past participle
pluperfect imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle
past anterior2 past historic of avoir + past participle
future perfect future of avoir + past participle
conditional perfect conditional of avoir + past participle
subjunctive que je (j’) que tu qu’il, qu’elle que nous que vous qu’ils, qu’elles
(simple
tenses) 		present -isse
/is/ 		-isses
/is/ 		-isse
/is/ 		-issions
/i.sjɔ̃/ 		-issiez
/i.sje/ 		-issent
/is/
imperfect2 -isse
/is/ 		-isses
/is/ 		-ît
/i/ 		-issions
/i.sjɔ̃/ 		-issiez
/i.sje/ 		-issent
/is/
(compound
tenses) 		past present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
pluperfect2 imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative – tu – nous vous –
simple — -is
/i/ 		— -issons
/i.sɔ̃/ 		-issez
/i.se/ 		—
compound — simple imperative of avoir + past participle — simple imperative of avoir + past participle simple imperative of avoir + past participle —
1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en.
2 In less formal writing or speech, the past historic, past anterior, imperfect subjunctive and pluperfect subjunctive tenses may be found to have been replaced with the indicative present perfect, indicative pluperfect, present subjunctive and past subjunctive tenses respectively (Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81).

See also[edit]

Ido[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Modeled after -ar and -is.

Suffix[edit]

-ir

  1. Used to denote the past infinitive of a verb.
    Me devas telefonir tu.
    I should have called you.

Related terms[edit]

  • -ar (present infinitive tense)
  • -or (future infinitive tense)

Old French[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs.

Suffix[edit]

-ir

  1. used to form infinitives of second conjugation verbs

See also[edit]

Portuguese[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Old Portuguese -ir, from Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs. In some verbs, it is a reflex of Latin -ere of the third conjugation

Pronunciation[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-ir (first-person singular present indicative -o, past participle -ido)

  1. (non-productive) forms the infinitive of the third-conjugation verbs

Conjugation[edit]

  Conjugation of the Portuguese -ir verb -ir
Notes:[edit]
Singular Plural
First-person
(eu) 		Second-person
(tu) 		Third-person
(ele / ela / você) 		First-person
(nós) 		Second-person
(vós) 		Third-person
(eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal -ir
Personal -ir -ires -ir -irmos -irdes -irem
Gerund
-indo
Past participle
Masculine -ido -idos
Feminine -ida -idas
Indicative
Present -o -es -e -imos -is -em
Imperfect -ia -ias -ia -íamos -íeis -iam
Preterite -i -iste -iu -imos -istes -iram
Pluperfect -ira -iras -ira -íramos -íreis -iram
Future -irei -irás -irá -iremos -ireis -irão
Conditional
-iria -irias -iria -iríamos -iríeis -iriam
Subjunctive
Present -a -as -a -amos -ais -am
Imperfect -isse -isses -isse -íssemos -ísseis -issem
Future -ir -ires -ir -irmos -irdes -irem
Imperative
Affirmative - -e -a -amos -i -am
Negative (não) - -as -a -amos -ais -am

Spanish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs.

Suffix[edit]

-ir (first-person singular present -o, first-person singular preterite -í, past participle -ido)

  1. A verb ending for infinitives.

See also[edit]

Conjugation[edit]

Below are the suffixes for the regular conjugation of -ir verb

    Conjugation of -ir (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)
infinitive -ir
gerund -iendo
past participle masculine feminine
singular -ido -ida
plural -idos -idas
singular plural
1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
indicative yo tú
vos 		él/ella/ello
usted 		nosotros
nosotras 		vosotros
vosotras 		ellos/ellas
ustedes
present -o -estú
-ísvos 		-e -imos -ís -en
imperfect -ía -ías -ía -íamos -íais -ían
preterite -í -iste -ió -imos -isteis -ieron
future -iré -irás -irá -iremos -iréis -irán
conditional -iría -irías -iría -iríamos -iríais -irían
subjunctive yo tú
vos 		él/ella/ello
usted 		nosotros
nosotras 		vosotros
vosotras 		ellos/ellas
ustedes
present -a -astú
-ásvos2 		-a -amos -áis -an
imperfect
(ra) 		-iera -ieras -iera -iéramos -ierais -ieran
imperfect
(se) 		-iese -ieses -iese -iésemos -ieseis -iesen
future1 -iere -ieres -iere -iéremos -iereis -ieren
imperative — tú
vos 		usted nosotros
nosotras 		vosotros
vosotras 		ustedes
affirmative -etú
-ívos 		-a -amos -id -an
negative no -as no -a no -amos no -áis no -an

1Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
2Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.

Welsh[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-ir

  1. (literary) verb suffix for the impersonal present indicative/future

Usage notes[edit]

-ir causes i-affection of internal vowels, for example, ‎canu (“to sing”) + ‎-ir → ‎cenir (“is sung, one sings, will be sung, one will sing”).

Derived terms[edit]

Category Welsh words suffixed with -ir not found
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