-ir

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ir"

French

Etymology

From Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs. Cognate with Spanish -ir, Italian -ire, Romanian -i and -î, etc.

Suffix

-ir

1. A suffix forming infinitives of many verbs.

Usage notes

• Most verbs with infinitives in -ir are marked by the once-inchoative infix -iss- in many parts of their conjugation, as well as in various derived words; two such verbs are choisir (“to choose”) and pourrir (“to rot”). A fair number of these have English counterparts in -ish; three such are finir (“to finish”), nourrir (“to feed, to nourish”), and polir (“to polish”).
• A sizable group of verbs have infinitives in -ir but do not use the infix -iss-, and are otherwise fairly regular; these include, among others, the common verbs sortir (“to go out, to take out”), partir (“to leave”), dormir (“to sleep”).
• This suffix is spelled -ïr on a few verbs where the previous syllable ends in a vowel, such as haïr (“to hate”) and ouïr (“to hear”). Additionally, it is spelled -ire on the verb maudire (“to curse”), by analogy with the related but irregular verb dire (“to say”).
• Not all verbs whose infinitives happen to end in these letters can truly be said to have this suffix; in particular, a fair number of irregular verbs have infinitives in the unrelated suffix -oir.

Conjugation

This is a regular verb of the second conjugation, like finir, choisir, and most other verbs with infinitives ending in -ir. One salient feature of this conjugation is the repeated appearance of the infix -iss-.

Conjugation of -ir (see also Appendix:French verbs)

present participle		-issant /i.sɑ̃/
past participle		-i /i/
infinitive
simple		-ir
compound		avoir + past participle
gerund1
simple		-issant /i.sɑ̃/
compound		ayant + past participle
		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		je (j’)	tu	il, elle	nous	vous	ils, elles
(simple tenses)	present	-is /i/	-is /i/	-it /i/	-issons /i.sɔ̃/	-issez /i.se/	-issent /is/
	imperfect	-issais /i.sɛ/	-issais /i.sɛ/	-issait /i.sɛ/	-issions /i.sjɔ̃/	-issiez /i.sje/	-issaient /i.sɛ/
	past historic2	-is /i/	-is /i/	-it /i/	-îmes /im/	-îtes /it/	-irent /iʁ/
	future	-irai /i.ʁɛ/	-iras /i.ʁa/	-ira /i.ʁa/	-irons /i.ʁɔ̃/	-irez /i.ʁe/	-iront /i.ʁɔ̃/
	conditional	-irais /i.ʁɛ/	-irais /i.ʁɛ/	-irait /i.ʁɛ/	-irions /i.ʁjɔ̃/	-iriez /i.ʁje/	-iraient /i.ʁɛ/
(compound tenses)	present perfect	present indicative of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle
	past anterior2	past historic of avoir + past participle
	future perfect	future of avoir + past participle
	conditional perfect	conditional of avoir + past participle
subjunctive		que je (j’)	que tu	qu’il, qu’elle	que nous	que vous	qu’ils, qu’elles
(simple tenses)	present	-isse /is/	-isses /is/	-isse /is/	-issions /i.sjɔ̃/	-issiez /i.sje/	-issent /is/
	imperfect2	-isse /is/	-isses /is/	-ît /i/	-issions /i.sjɔ̃/	-issiez /i.sje/	-issent /is/
(compound tenses)	past	present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect2	imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative		–	tu	–	nous	vous	–
simple		—	-is /i/	—	-issons /i.sɔ̃/	-issez /i.se/	—
compound		—	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	—	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	—
1 Only usable with preposition en.
2 In less formal writing or speech, the past historic, past anterior, imperfect subjunctive and pluperfect subjunctive tenses may be found to have been replaced with the indicative present perfect, indicative pluperfect, present subjunctive and past subjunctive tenses respectively (Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81).

See also

• -er
• -ire
• -oir
• -re

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Ido

Etymology

Modeled after -ar and -is.

Suffix

-ir

1. Used to denote the past infinitive of a verb.

   Me devas telefonir tu.

   I should have called you.

Related terms

• -ar (present infinitive tense)
• -or (future infinitive tense)

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Old French

Etymology

From Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs.

Suffix

-ir

1. suffix used to form infinitives of second conjugation verbs

See also

• Appendix:Old French verbs
• -er

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Portuguese

Etymology

From Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs.

Suffix

-ir (first-person singular present indicative -o, past participle -ido)

1. A verb ending for infinitives.

Conjugation

  Conjugation of the Portuguese -ir verb -ir

Notes:[edit] This is a regular verb of the -ir group. Verbs with this conjugation include: definir, descobrir, desistir, garantir, partir.
	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	-ir
Personal	-ir	-ires	-ir	-irmos	-irdes	-irem
Gerund
	-indo
Past participle
Masculine	-ido			-idos
Feminine	-ida			-idas
Indicative
Present	-o	-es	-e	-imos	-is	-em
Imperfect	-ia	-ias	-ia	-íamos	-íeis	-iam
Preterite	-i	-iste	-iu	-imos	-istes	-iram
Pluperfect	-ira	-iras	-ira	-íramos	-íreis	-iram
Future	-irei	-irás	-irá	-iremos	-ireis	-irão
Conditional
	-iria	-irias	-iria	-iríamos	-iríeis	-iriam
Subjunctive
Present	-a	-as	-a	-amos	-ais	-am
Imperfect	-isse	-isses	-isse	-íssemos	-ísseis	-issem
Future	-ir	-ires	-ir	-irmos	-irdes	-irem
Imperative
Affirmative	-	-e	-a	-amos	-i	-am
Negative (não)	-	-as	-a	-amos	-ais	-am

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Spanish

Etymology

From Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs.

Suffix

-ir (first-person singular present -o, first-person singular preterite -í, past participle -ido)

1. A verb ending for infinitives.

See also

• -ar
• -er

Conjugation

Below are the suffixes for the regular conjugation of -ir verb

    Conjugation of -ir (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)^{edit data}

infinitive			-ir
gerund			-iendo
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		-ido		-ida
		plural		-idos		-idas
		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
indicative		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	-o	-estú -ísvos	-e	-imos	-ís	-en
	imperfect	-ía	-ías	-ía	-íamos	-íais	-ían
	preterite	-í	-iste	-ió	-imos	-isteis	-ieron
	future	-iré	-irás	-irá	-iremos	-iréis	-irán
	conditional	-iría	-irías	-iría	-iríamos	-iríais	-irían
subjunctive		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	-a	-astú -ásvos2	-a	-amos	-áis	-an
	imperfect (ra)	-iera	-ieras	-iera	-iéramos	-ierais	-ieran
	imperfect (se)	-iese	-ieses	-iese	-iésemos	-ieseis	-iesen
	future1	-iere	-ieres	-iere	-iéremos	-iereis	-ieren
imperative		—	tú vos	usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ustedes
	affirmative		-etú -ívos	-a	-amos	-id	-an
	negative		no -as	no -a	no -amos	no -áis	no -an

• ¹ Mostly obsolete form, now mainly used in legal jargon.
• ² Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.