-ir
Catalan[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs.
Suffix[edit]
-ir
- A verb ending for infinitives.
Derived terms[edit]
Further reading[edit]
- “-ir”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2022
French[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs. Cognate with Spanish -ir, Italian -ire, Romanian -i and -î, etc.
Pronunciation[edit]
Audio (file)
Suffix[edit]
-ir
- (non-productive) forms the infinitives of many verbs
Usage notes[edit]
- Most verbs with infinitives in -ir are marked by the once-inchoative infix -iss- in many parts of their conjugation, as well as in various derived words; two such verbs are choisir (“to choose”) and pourrir (“to rot”). A fair number of these have English counterparts in -ish; some such examples are finir (“to finish”), nourrir (“to feed, to nourish”), accomplir (“to accomplish”), and polir (“to polish”).
- Many verbs with infinitives in -ir have an inchoative meaning. Examples include blanchir (“to whiten, to bleach, to make whiter, to become pale”), durcir (“to harden, to make more rigid, to become stronger”), grandir (“to become bigger, to magnify, to make bigger”), rougir (“to redden, to blush, to become redder, to make redder”), and vieillir (“to age, to become older, to make older”).
- A sizable group of verbs have infinitives in -ir but do not use the infix -iss-, and are otherwise fairly regular; these include, among others, the common verbs sortir (“to go out, to take out”), partir (“to leave”), dormir (“to sleep”) (but these examples are also irregular, with sors instead of *sortis). An irregular -ir verb which is truly conjugated exactly as a regular -ir verb except only without the infix (although it is dated and has a regular alternative conjugation) is chauvir.
- This suffix is spelled -ïr on a few verbs where the previous syllable ends in a vowel, such as haïr (“to hate”) and ouïr (“to hear”). Additionally, it is spelled -ire on the verb maudire (“to curse”), by analogy with the related but irregular verb dire (“to say”), and the verb bruire.
- Not all verbs whose infinitives happen to end in these letters can truly be said to have this suffix; in particular, a fair number of irregular verbs have infinitives in the unrelated suffix -oir.
Conjugation[edit]
This is a regular verb of the second conjugation, like finir, choisir, and most other verbs with infinitives ending in -ir. One salient feature of this conjugation is the repeated appearance of the infix -iss-.
infinitive | simple | -ir | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
present participle or gerund1 | simple | -issant /i.sɑ̃/ | |||||
compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
past participle | -i /i/ | ||||||
singular | plural | ||||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | -is /i/ |
-is /i/ |
-it /i/ |
-issons /i.sɔ̃/ |
-issez /i.se/ |
-issent /is/ |
imperfect | -issais /i.sɛ/ |
-issais /i.sɛ/ |
-issait /i.sɛ/ |
-issions /i.sjɔ̃/ |
-issiez /i.sje/ |
-issaient /i.sɛ/ | |
past historic2 | -is /i/ |
-is /i/ |
-it /i/ |
-îmes /im/ |
-îtes /it/ |
-irent /iʁ/ | |
future | -irai /i.ʁe/ |
-iras /i.ʁa/ |
-ira /i.ʁa/ |
-irons /i.ʁɔ̃/ |
-irez /i.ʁe/ |
-iront /i.ʁɔ̃/ | |
conditional | -irais /i.ʁɛ/ |
-irais /i.ʁɛ/ |
-irait /i.ʁɛ/ |
-irions /i.ʁjɔ̃/ |
-iriez /i.ʁje/ |
-iraient /i.ʁɛ/ | |
(compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | -isse /is/ |
-isses /is/ |
-isse /is/ |
-issions /i.sjɔ̃/ |
-issiez /i.sje/ |
-issent /is/ |
imperfect2 | -isse /is/ |
-isses /is/ |
-ît /i/ |
-issions /i.sjɔ̃/ |
-issiez /i.sje/ |
-issent /is/ | |
(compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | – | – | ||||
simple | — | -is /i/ |
— | -issons /i.sɔ̃/ |
-issez /i.se/ |
— | |
compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, the past historic, past anterior, imperfect subjunctive and pluperfect subjunctive tenses may be found to have been replaced with the indicative present perfect, indicative pluperfect, present subjunctive and past subjunctive tenses respectively (Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). |
See also[edit]
Ido[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-ir
- Used to denote the past infinitive of a verb.
- Me devas telefonir tu.
- I should have called you.
Related terms[edit]
Old French[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs.
Suffix[edit]
-ir
- used to form infinitives of second conjugation verbs
See also[edit]
Portuguese[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Old Portuguese -ir, from Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs. In some verbs, it is a reflex of Latin -ere of the third conjugation
Pronunciation[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-ir (first-person singular present indicative -o, past participle -ido)
- (non-productive) forms the infinitive of the third-conjugation verbs
Conjugation[edit]
Notes:[edit] | ||||||
Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First-person (eu) |
Second-person (tu) |
Third-person (ele / ela / você) |
First-person (nós) |
Second-person (vós) |
Third-person (eles / elas / vocês) | |
Infinitive | ||||||
Impersonal | -ir | |||||
Personal | -ir | -ires | -ir | -irmos | -irdes | -irem |
Gerund | ||||||
-indo | ||||||
Past participle | ||||||
Masculine | -ido | -idos | ||||
Feminine | -ida | -idas | ||||
Indicative | ||||||
Present | -o | -es | -e | -imos | -is | -em |
Imperfect | -ia | -ias | -ia | -íamos | -íeis | -iam |
Preterite | -i | -iste | -iu | -imos | -istes | -iram |
Pluperfect | -ira | -iras | -ira | -íramos | -íreis | -iram |
Future | -irei | -irás | -irá | -iremos | -ireis | -irão |
Conditional | ||||||
-iria | -irias | -iria | -iríamos | -iríeis | -iriam | |
Subjunctive | ||||||
Present | -a | -as | -a | -amos | -ais | -am |
Imperfect | -isse | -isses | -isse | -íssemos | -ísseis | -issem |
Future | -ir | -ires | -ir | -irmos | -irdes | -irem |
Imperative | ||||||
Affirmative | - | -e | -a | -amos | -i | -am |
Negative (não) | - | -as | -a | -amos | -ais | -am |
Spanish[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs.
Suffix[edit]
-ir (first-person singular present -o, first-person singular preterite -í, past participle -ido)
- A verb ending for infinitives.
See also[edit]
Conjugation[edit]
Below are the suffixes for the regular conjugation of -ir verb
infinitive | -ir | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gerund | -iendo | ||||||
past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
singular | -ido | -ida | |||||
plural | -idos | -idas | |||||
singular | plural | ||||||
1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
indicative | yo | tú vos |
él/ella/ello usted |
nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ellos/ellas ustedes | |
present | -o | -estú -ísvos |
-e | -imos | -ís | -en | |
imperfect | -ía | -ías | -ía | -íamos | -íais | -ían | |
preterite | -í | -iste | -ió | -imos | -isteis | -ieron | |
future | -iré | -irás | -irá | -iremos | -iréis | -irán | |
conditional | -iría | -irías | -iría | -iríamos | -iríais | -irían | |
subjunctive | yo | tú vos |
él/ella/ello usted |
nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ellos/ellas ustedes | |
present | -a | -astú -ásvos2 |
-a | -amos | -áis | -an | |
imperfect (ra) |
-iera | -ieras | -iera | -iéramos | -ierais | -ieran | |
imperfect (se) |
-iese | -ieses | -iese | -iésemos | -ieseis | -iesen | |
future1 | -iere | -ieres | -iere | -iéremos | -iereis | -ieren | |
imperative | — | tú vos |
usted | nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ustedes | |
affirmative | -etú -ívos |
-a | -amos | -id | -an | ||
negative | no -as | no -a | no -amos | no -áis | no -an |
Welsh[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-ir
- (literary) verb suffix for the impersonal present indicative/future
Usage notes[edit]
-ir causes i-affection of internal vowels, for example, canu (“to sing”) + -ir → cenir (“is sung, one sings, will be sung, one will sing”).
Derived terms[edit]
- Catalan terms derived from Latin
- Catalan lemmas
- Catalan suffixes
- French terms inherited from Latin
- French terms derived from Latin
- French terms with audio links
- French lemmas
- French suffixes
- French verbs with conjugation -ir
- French second group verbs
- Ido lemmas
- Ido suffixes
- Ido terms with usage examples
- Old French terms derived from Latin
- Old French lemmas
- Old French suffixes
- Portuguese terms inherited from Old Portuguese
- Portuguese terms derived from Old Portuguese
- Portuguese terms inherited from Latin
- Portuguese terms derived from Latin
- Portuguese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Portuguese terms with homophones
- Portuguese lemmas
- Portuguese verbs
- Spanish terms derived from Latin
- Spanish lemmas
- Spanish suffixes
- Spanish verb-forming suffixes
- Spanish verbs ending in -ir
- Welsh terms with IPA pronunciation
- Welsh lemmas
- Welsh suffixes
- Welsh literary terms