-ien
Breton
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Old Breton -ion, -on, Proto-Brythonic *-onos, *-onā. Cognate to Welsh -ion, Cornish -yon.
Suffix
[edit]-ien
- Noun pluralization suffix; sometimes with vocalic ablaut in the pluralized noun
Derived terms
[edit]French
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Middle French -ien, from Old French -ien, from Latin -iānus, from -ānus. Cognate to French -ain and -an.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-ien m (plural -iens, feminine -ienne)
- forms nouns denoting where something or someone is from; -ian
- Paris + -ien → Parisien (“a Parisian”)
- Californie + -ien → Californien (“a Californian”)
Suffix
[edit]-ien (feminine -ienne, masculine plural -iens, feminine plural -iennes)
- forms adjectives indicating relation to; -ian
- Paris + -ien → parisien (“Parisian”)
- Californie + -ien → californien (“Californian”)
- Vadim + -ien → vadimien (“of Roger Vadim Plemiannikov, French screenwriter, film director and producer”)
Usage notes
[edit]When the name's last syllable contains "e" or "è" followed by a single consonant, that vowel is normally raised to "é": e.g. barrésien, beethovénien, mussétien, turnérien, wagnérien, etc.
Derived terms
[edit]German
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Middle High German -ie, -je, from Latin -ia (feminine singular). Nouns with this Latinate suffix were originally strong (i.e. invariable) feminines, but inflected forms in -ien arose when the distinction between strong and weak feminines collapsed in later Middle High German. These were then treated by analogy with local names like Böhmen, Franken, Sachsen etc. (all originally dative plural of a tribe name).
Suffix
[edit]-ien n
- Used to form country names; -ia
Etymology 2
[edit]From Latin -ia (neuter plural). In some cases, analysable within German as a regular plural of an earlier form in -ium; e.g. Principium as an obsolete variant of Prinzip. The singular ending was sometimes lost, leaving -ien as a new, irregular plural suffix. In other cases, simply following the Latin i-declension (singular in -e, plural in -ia).
Suffix
[edit]-ien pl
- Used to form the plurals of some neuter nouns of Latin descent whose original plural ends in -ia.
- Material + -ien → Materialien
- Prinzip + -ien → Prinzipien
- Konzil + -ien → Konzilien
Usage notes
[edit]- Not all nouns whose Latin plural is -ia necessarily take this ending. Some take a regular plural in -e, or have both forms alongside (for example, Konzile).
Middle English
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Borrowed from Old French -ien, from Latin -iānus.
Alternative forms
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-ien
- Forms nouns and adjectives denoting origin, association, or residence; -ian.
Usage notes
[edit]- Before this ending, /k/ becomes /s/; for instance, musike /miu̯ˈziːk(ə)/ + -ien becomes musicien /miu̯ˌzisiˈɛːn/.
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- “-ien, suf.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
Etymology 2
[edit]A conflation of two originally distinct suffixes:
- The Old English weak class 2 suffix -ian, -iġan, by syncope from earlier *-ōjan, North Sea Germanic form of Proto-West Germanic *-ōn, from Proto-Germanic *-ōną.
- The suffix -ian, -ġan in Old English verbs of weak class 1 with roots ending in -r (and exceptionally in swerian, a verb of strong class 6 with a j-present and root ending in -r), from Proto-West Germanic *-jan, *-ijan, from Proto-Germanic *-janą, *-ijaną.
Additionally, some verbs borrowed from Old Norse and Old French or formed anew have adopted this suffix.
Alternative forms
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-ien
- (after Early Middle English, Kent, Southern or West Midlands) Denotes the infinitive when attached to verbs.
Usage notes
[edit]- This suffix was initially restricted to those verbs where it was etymologically justified (see above), but had come to be applied indiscriminately by the Late Middle English period where it was not replaced by -en.
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- “-ien, suf.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
Middle French
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Old French -ien, from Latin -iānus.
Suffix
[edit]-ien (feminine equivalent -ienne)
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- French: -ien
Old French
[edit]Examples |
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Etymology
[edit]From Latin -iānus, from -ānus.
Suffix
[edit]-ien (feminine equivalent -iene or -ienne)
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Breton terms inherited from Old Breton
- Breton terms derived from Old Breton
- Breton terms inherited from Proto-Brythonic
- Breton terms derived from Proto-Brythonic
- Breton lemmas
- Breton suffixes
- Breton plural suffixes
- French terms derived from Old French
- French terms derived from Proto-Italic
- French terms inherited from Old French
- French terms derived from Latin
- French terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- French terms inherited from Middle French
- French terms inherited from Proto-Italic
- French terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- French terms derived from Middle French
- French terms inherited from Latin
- French 1-syllable words
- French terms with IPA pronunciation
- French terms with audio pronunciation
- French lemmas
- French suffixes
- French noun-forming suffixes
- French countable nouns
- French masculine suffixes
- French adjective-forming suffixes
- German 1-syllable words
- German terms with IPA pronunciation
- German terms with audio pronunciation
- German terms inherited from Middle High German
- German terms derived from Middle High German
- German terms derived from Latin
- German lemmas
- German suffixes
- German neuter suffixes
- German pluralia tantum
- Middle English terms borrowed from Old French
- Middle English terms derived from Old French
- Middle English terms derived from Latin
- Middle English terms with IPA pronunciation
- Middle English lemmas
- Middle English suffixes
- Middle English noun-forming suffices
- Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Middle English inflectional suffices
- Early Middle English
- Kentish Middle English
- Southern Middle English
- West Midland Middle English
- Middle English terms inherited from Old English
- Middle French terms inherited from Latin
- Middle French terms derived from Latin
- Middle French terms derived from Proto-Italic
- Middle French terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Middle French terms inherited from Proto-Italic
- Middle French terms derived from Old French
- Middle French terms inherited from Old French
- Middle French terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Middle French lemmas
- Middle French suffixes
- Middle French terms with usage examples
- Old French terms inherited from Proto-Italic
- Old French terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Old French terms derived from Proto-Italic
- Old French terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Old French terms inherited from Latin
- Old French terms derived from Latin
- Old French lemmas
- Old French suffixes