-o
Contents
- 1 English
- 2 Esperanto
- 3 Finnish
- 4 French
- 5 Ido
- 6 Italian
- 7 Latin
- 8 Lithuanian
- 9 Lower Sorbian
- 10 Norwegian Nynorsk
- 11 Old Dutch
- 12 Old High German
- 13 Old Saxon
- 14 Portuguese
- 15 Spanish
- 16 Swedish
- 17 Volapük
English[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
Perhaps from a special use of the interjection O, oh; and/or perhaps from o (“one”), from Middle English o, oo, variant of a, on, oon, an (“one”). More at one.
Suffix[edit]
- A colloquializing suffix.
- A type of person (colloquial).
Usage notes[edit]
-o generally does not change the meaning of the word, only making it more colloquial, often with elision (like clipping, but with a suffix), and is primarily applied to nouns, as in kiddo (“kid”) or preso (“presentation”). It is sometimes applied to adjectives, such as agro or rando. It may also be applied to certain given names or surnames, often with elision and sometimes from an already shortened form, to create a nickname form — e.g., Jacko from Jack, Davo from Dave, Smitho from Smith.
Less commonly, it results in a change in meaning, primarily meaning “a person with a characteristic”, and is generally applied to adjectives, resulting in a noun, as is weirdo (“weird person”). More rarely it can also be applied to a noun, as in wino (“wine-drinking alcoholic”).
Derived terms[edit]
See also[edit]
Etymology 2[edit]
From many Spanish or Italian words that end in o.
Suffix[edit]
-o
- (humorous) Converts certain words to faux Italian or Spanish. Can be used with Spanish el for expressions such as el stinko.
- no problemo
Derived terms[edit]
Etymology 3[edit]
Back-formation from typo.
Suffix[edit]
-o (plural -os)
- Added to verb stems to create a noun describing an error relating to the action described by the verb.
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
Esperanto[edit]
Etymology[edit]
- From the masculine singular of the Romance languages, such as Italian (amico); perhaps also the neuter singular of Russian (окно (okno))
- Perhaps from the above (Italian quello, Russian то (to))
Suffix[edit]
-o
- Nominal suffix. Most Esperanto nouns end in -o. (A few nouns end in -aŭ, and with some writers some feminine names end in -a.)
- -thing. (correlative object ending.)
Finnish[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-o (front vowel harmony variant -ö)
- Forms result or action nouns from verbs.
- Forms variants from a few nominal roots.
Usage notes[edit]
- Used deverbally especially with those verbs whose citation form ends with -aa or -ää. In stems with e or i, the suffix has its back vowel form, -o.
Declension[edit]
Inflection of -o (Kotus type 1/valo, no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nominative | -o | -ot | |
genitive | -on | -ojen | |
partitive | -oa | -oja | |
illative | -oon | -oihin | |
singular | plural | ||
nominative | -o | -ot | |
accusative | nom. | -o | -ot |
gen. | -on | ||
genitive | -on | -ojen | |
partitive | -oa | -oja | |
inessive | -ossa | -oissa | |
elative | -osta | -oista | |
illative | -oon | -oihin | |
adessive | -olla | -oilla | |
ablative | -olta | -oilta | |
allative | -olle | -oille | |
essive | -ona | -oina | |
translative | -oksi | -oiksi | |
instructive | — | -oin | |
abessive | -otta | -oitta | |
comitative | — | -oineen |
Derived terms[edit]
See also[edit]
French[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-o
- added to a noun or an adjective after apocope, to create a familiar synonym
Derived terms[edit]
Ido[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Esperanto -o, from Romance languages.
Suffix[edit]
-o
Italian[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-o
- Used with a stem to form the first-person singular present of regular are and ere verbs and those -ire verbs that do not take -isc-
Latin[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
See Proto-Indo-European *-h₃onh₂- (with nominative ō made common to all cases).
Suffix[edit]
-ō m (genitive -ōnis); third declension
- suffixed to the roots of verbs, forms masculine agent nouns.
- suffixed to nouns, forms cognomina and, in post-Classical Latin, nicknames and equivalent designations.
Declension[edit]
- Singulare tantum declension in cognomina
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | -ō | -ōnēs |
Genitive | -ōnis | -ōnum |
Dative | -ōnī | -ōnibus |
Accusative | -ōnem | -ōnēs |
Ablative | -ōne | -ōnibus |
Vocative | -ō | -ōnēs |
Synonyms[edit]
- (suffixed to the roots of verbs, forms masculine agent nouns): -a¹
Derived terms[edit]
References[edit]
- “-ō¹” on page 1,210/1 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
Etymology 2[edit]
Developing from nouns’ ablatives of manner.
Suffix[edit]
-ō (comparative -ius, superlative -issimō)
Derived terms[edit]
References[edit]
- “-ō²” on page 1,210/1 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
Etymology 3[edit]
From Proto-Italic *-āō or *-aēō, from the following sources:
- Denominative verbs with *-eh₂yéti (e.g. dōnō, pugnō, cūrō)
- Verbs from roots in *-h₁-. (e.g. flō)
- Verbs from roots in *-h₂-. (e.g. for, nō, hiō, domō, iuvō)
- Verbs from roots in *-h₃-. (e.g. dō, lavō, arō)
- By sound laws acting on *-h₂ + *-éh₁yeti. (singular case of stō)
Alternative forms[edit]
Suffix[edit]
present active -ō, present infinitive -āre, perfect active -āvī, supine -ātum
- suffixed to nouns — originally a-stem nouns, but later nouns with other stems — forms regular first-conjugation verbs
- suffixed to third-conjugation verbs in composition, forms regular first-conjugation verbs
- com- + pellō (pres. act. inf.: pellere) + -ō → compellō (pres. act. inf.: compellāre)
- prō- + flīgō (pres. act. inf.: flīgere) + -ō → prōflīgō (pres. act. inf.: prōflīgāre)
Conjugation[edit]
Conjugation of -o (first conjugation) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
indicative | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
active | present | -ō | -ās | -at | -āmus | -ātis | -ant |
imperfect | -ābam | -ābās | -ābat | -ābāmus | -ābātis | -ābant | |
future | -ābō | -ābis | -ābit | -ābimus | -ābitis | -ābunt | |
perfect | -āvī | -āvistī | -āvit | -āvimus | -āvistis | -āvērunt, -āvēre | |
pluperfect | -āveram | -āverās | -āverat | -āverāmus | -āverātis | -āverant | |
future perfect | -āverō | -āveris | -āverit | -āverimus | -āveritis | -āverint | |
passive | present | -or | -āris, -āre | -ātur | -āmur | -āminī | -antur |
imperfect | -ābar | -ābāris, -ābāre | -ābātur | -ābāmur | -ābāminī | -ābantur | |
future | -ābor | -āberis, -ābere | -ābitur | -ābimur | -ābiminī | -ābuntur | |
perfect | -ātus + present active indicative of sum | ||||||
pluperfect | -ātus + imperfect active indicative of sum | ||||||
future perfect | -ātus + future active indicative of sum | ||||||
subjunctive | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
active | present | -em | -ēs | -et | -ēmus | -ētis | -ent |
imperfect | -ārem | -ārēs | -āret | -ārēmus | -ārētis | -ārent | |
perfect | -āverim | -āverīs | -āverit | -āverimus | -āveritis | -āverint | |
pluperfect | -āvissem | -āvissēs | -āvisset | -āvissēmus | -āvissētis | -āvissent | |
passive | present | -er | -ēris, -ēre | -ētur | -ēmur | -ēminī | -entur |
imperfect | -ārer | -ārēris, -ārēre | -ārētur | -ārēmur | -ārēminī | -ārentur | |
perfect | -ātus + present active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
pluperfect | -ātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
imperative | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
active | present | — | -ā | — | — | -āte | — |
future | — | -ātō | -ātō | — | -ātōte | -antō | |
passive | present | — | -āre | — | — | -āminī | — |
future | — | -ātor | -ātor | — | — | -antor | |
non-finite forms | active | passive | |||||
present | perfect | future | present | perfect | future | ||
infinitives | -āre | -āvisse | -ātūrus esse | -ārī | -ātus esse | -ātum īrī | |
participles | -āns | — | -ātūrus | — | -ātus | -andus | |
verbal nouns | gerund | supine | |||||
nominative | genitive | dative/ablative | accusative | accusative | ablative | ||
-āre | -andī | -andō | -andum | -ātum | -ātū |
Derived terms[edit]
References[edit]
- Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- “-ō³” on page 1,210/1 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
Etymology 4[edit]
Regularly declined forms of -us.
Suffix[edit]
-ō
- dative masculine singular of -us
- dative neuter singular of -us
- ablative masculine singular of -us
- ablative neuter singular of -us
See also[edit]
Lithuanian[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ā; compare Latvian -a, Proto-Slavic *-a (“id”). From the Proto-Indo-European thematic masculine ablative ending *-ōd, with regular Balto-Slavic loss of final d. Compare Sanskrit -आत् (-āt), Latin -ō and Ancient Greek ὄπ-ω (óp-ō, “whence”). In Balto-Slavic, the genitive merged with the ablative. The original genitive was retained, however, in West Baltic; compare Old Prussian -as, presumably from Proto-Indo-European *-os; compare Hittite 𒀸 (-as).
Suffix[edit]
-õ
- Used to form genitive singulars of masculine a-stem nouns.
- Used to form genitive singulars of masculine a-stem adjectives.
Etymology 2[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-o
- Used to form third person present tense forms in third declension verbs.
- Used to form third person past tense forms in first declension verbs.
Etymology 3[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-õ
Synonyms[edit]
Lower Sorbian[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-o
- -ly (used to turn an adjective into an adverb of manner)
Synonyms[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
Norwegian Nynorsk[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-o
- Used to make plural indefinite and definite forms for some neuter nouns
- (non-standard since 1917) Used to make singular definite form for some weak feminine nouns
- (archaic)(nonstandard) Used to mark plural form for strong verbs in past tense
Old Dutch[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Proto-Germanic *-ô.
Suffix[edit]
-o
- Forms adverbs from adjectives.
Derived terms[edit]
Descendants[edit]
- Middle Dutch: -e
Old High German[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
From Proto-Germanic *-ô.
Suffix[edit]
-o
- Forms adverbs from adjectives.
Descendants[edit]
- Middle High German: -e
Etymology 2[edit]
From Proto-Germanic *-ô. Cognate to Old English -a, in ǣta (“eater”), Gothic -𐌰 (-a), in 𐌽𐌿𐍄𐌰 (nuta, “fisher”). In some cases, the root appears in the zero-grade as in boto (from biotan).
Suffix[edit]
-o m
- used to form masculine agents from verbs
Declension[edit]
Most nouns with this suffix follow the n-declension, like hano (“cock”), namo (“name”), gomo (“man”).
Descendants[edit]
In Middle High German, the suffix is replaced by -er (whence German -er), as in Middle High German gëber instead of Old High German gëbo. Only a few German words still have a final -e that results from Old High German -o.
Old Saxon[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
From Proto-Germanic *-ô.
Suffix[edit]
-o
- Forms adverbs from adjectives.
Etymology 2[edit]
From Proto-Germanic *-ô. Cognate to Old English -a, in ǣta (“eater”), Gothic -𐌰 (-a), in 𐌽𐌿𐍄𐌰 (nuta, “fisher”).
Suffix[edit]
-o m
- used to form masculine agents from verbs and nouns
Descendants[edit]
- Middle Low German: -e
Portuguese[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
From Old Portuguese -o, from Latin -um.
Suffix[edit]
-o
- forms masculine singular nouns and adjectives
Etymology 2[edit]
From Old Portuguese -o, from Latin -ō.
Suffix[edit]
-o
- forms the first-person singular present indicative of verbs
Spanish[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-o
- suffix indicating the first-person singular present indicative of verbs
Swedish[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
- when combined the stress is always on the first syllable
Suffix[edit]
-o
- (colloquial) Suffix that gives a familiar, and to some extent a diminutive nuance, when combined with an adjective to create a noun referring to a person with a certain property
Volapük[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-o
Derived terms[edit]
- English terms inherited from Middle English
- English terms derived from Middle English
- English lemmas
- English suffixes
- English terms derived from Spanish
- English terms derived from Italian
- English jocular terms
- English terms with usage examples
- English back-formations
- English noun-forming suffixes
- English countable nouns
- Esperanto lemmas
- Esperanto suffixes
- Esperanto endings
- Esperanto BRO1
- Finnish lemmas
- Finnish suffixes
- Finnish noun-forming suffixes
- Finnish valo-type nominals
- French 1-syllable words
- French terms with IPA pronunciation
- French lemmas
- French suffixes
- Ido terms derived from Esperanto
- Ido terms derived from Romance languages
- Ido lemmas
- Ido suffixes
- Ido noun-forming suffixes
- Italian terms inherited from Latin
- Italian terms derived from Latin
- Italian lemmas
- Italian suffixes
- Latin 1-syllable words
- Latin terms with IPA pronunciation
- Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Latin lemmas
- Latin suffixes
- Latin noun-forming suffixes
- Latin masculine nouns
- Latin third declension nouns
- Latin masculine nouns in the third declension
- Latin adverb-forming suffixes
- Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic
- Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic
- Latin first conjugation verbs
- Latin first conjugation verbs with perfect in -av-
- Latin non-lemma forms
- Latin suffix forms
- Lithuanian terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Lithuanian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Lithuanian lemmas
- Lithuanian suffixes
- Lower Sorbian lemmas
- Lower Sorbian suffixes
- Norwegian Nynorsk lemmas
- Norwegian Nynorsk suffixes
- Norwegian Nynorsk terms with archaic senses
- Norwegian Nynorsk nonstandard terms
- Old Dutch terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Old Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Old Dutch lemmas
- Old Dutch suffixes
- Old Dutch adverb-forming suffixes
- Old High German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Old High German terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Old High German lemmas
- Old High German suffixes
- Old Saxon terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Old Saxon terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Old Saxon lemmas
- Old Saxon suffixes
- Portuguese terms inherited from Old Portuguese
- Portuguese terms derived from Old Portuguese
- Portuguese terms inherited from Latin
- Portuguese terms derived from Latin
- Portuguese lemmas
- Portuguese suffixes
- Portuguese noun-forming suffixes
- Portuguese adjective-forming suffixes
- Portuguese verb-forming suffixes
- Portuguese terms with multiple etymologies
- Spanish terms inherited from Latin
- Spanish terms derived from Latin
- Spanish lemmas
- Spanish suffixes
- Swedish lemmas
- Swedish suffixes
- Swedish colloquialisms
- Volapük lemmas
- Volapük suffixes