-o

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See also: Appendix:Variations of "o"

English[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Perhaps from a special use of the interjection O, oh; and/or perhaps from o (“one”), from Middle English o, oo, variant of a, on, oon, an (“one”). See one and -y.

Alternative forms[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-o (plural -os or -oes)

  1. A colloquializing suffix, typically appended to names, abbreviations of long words, or substantive uses of adjectives.
    ‎kid + ‎-o → ‎kiddo
    ‎ugly + ‎-o → ‎uggo
    • 1991, Stephen Fry, chapter III, in The Liar, London: William Heinemann, →ISBN, page 26:
      Adrian thought it worth while to try out his new slang. ‘I say, you fellows, here's a rum go. Old Biffo was jolly odd this morning. He gave me a lot of pi-jaw about slacking and then invited me to tea. No rotting! He did really.’
Usage notes[edit]

-o generally does not change the meaning of the word or name but only makes it more colloquial, as with cheapo and Jacko. It is often appended to clipped or elided forms of longer words, as with ambo and parmo. Occasionally, the terminal consonant of the clipped form is doubled for clarity of meaning or pronunciation, as with uggo and doggo. It sometimes does change the meaning of words, usually by being applied to adjectives to indicate a person with a pronounced trait, as with weirdo (“weird person”), or to nouns used metonymously to indicate a person with a pronounced connection to the other object, as with wino (“poor or vagrant alcoholic”). Especially in American English, some uses of this suffix are understood as dated slang, as with bucko and neato. The suffix is most frequently and widely encountered in Australian English, which has additional uses (such as rego for registration and nasho for national service) that are never or only extremely rarely encountered in other dialects.

Its meaning is very similar to some uses of -y and its use is particularly common where use of -y might cause misunderstanding, as with randy and rando, journey and journo, whiny and wino.

Derived terms[edit]
English terms suffixed with -o
Australianisms
See also[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

From many Spanish or Italian words that end in o. This ending in such Spanish or Italian words generally derives from -um, the accusative singular inflectional ending for masculine and neuter nouns in Latin.

Suffix[edit]

-o

  1. (humorous) Converts certain words to faux Italian or Spanish. Can be used with Spanish el for expressions such as el stinko.
    no problemo
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 3[edit]

Back-formation from typo.

Suffix[edit]

-o (plural -os)

  1. Added to verb stems to create a noun describing an error relating to the action described by the verb.
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
English terms suffixed with -o

Afar[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-ó

  1. Used to form feminine nouns from verbs.

Derived terms[edit]

Afar terms suffixed with -o

References[edit]

  • Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎[1], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)

Albanian[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-ó

  1. Creates a second-person singular active imperative verb form from a non-verb.
    ‎áfër (“close, nearby”, adverb/preposition) + ‎-o → ‎afró! (“bring closer”)
    ‎báraz (“equal”, adverb) + ‎-o → ‎barazó! (“eqalize!”)
    ‎kráhas (“arm in arm, side by side”, adverb/preposition) + ‎-o → ‎krahasó! (“compare!”)
    ‎pástër (“clean”, adjective/adverb) + ‎-o → ‎pastró! (“cleanse”)
    ‎zhúrmë (“noise”, noun) + ‎-o → ‎zhurmó! (“make a noise, scream!”)

Etymology 2[edit]

Particle[edit]

-o

  2. Alternative form of o

Esperanto[edit]

Etymology[edit]

  • From the masculine singular of the Romance languages, such as Italian (amico); perhaps also the neuter singular common to all Slavic languages (окно (okno))
  • Perhaps from the above (Italian quello, Russian то (to))
  • Possibly derived from Greek second declension syllabic nucleus -o, from which plural -oj in greek is likely also derived.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • Audio(file)
  • IPA(key): /o/

Suffix[edit]

-o

  1. Nominal suffix. Most Esperanto nouns end in -o. (A few nouns end in -aŭ, and with some writers some feminine names end in -a.)
  2. -thing. (correlative object ending.)
    • kio (“what?, what”)
    • tio (“that”)
    • ĉio (“everything”)
    • io (“something”)
    • nenio (“nothing”)

Finnish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Conflated:

Suffix[edit]

-o (front vowel harmony variant -ö)

  1. Forms result or action nouns from verbs.
    ‎huutaa (“shout”) + ‎-o → ‎huuto (“shout”)
    ‎keittää (“boil, cook”) + ‎-o → ‎keitto (“cooking; soup”)
    ‎nähdä (“see”) + ‎-o → ‎näkö (“vision”) (ability to see)
  2. Forms variants or diminutives from a few nominal roots.
    ‎hilla (“cloudberry”) + ‎-o → ‎hillo (“jam”)
    ‎lehti (“leaf”) + ‎-o → ‎lehto (“grove”)
    ‎tasa (“level”) + ‎-o → ‎taso (“plane”)

Usage notes[edit]

  • Used deverbally especially with those verbs whose citation form ends with -aa or -ää. In stems with e or i, the suffix has its back vowel form, -o.

Declension[edit]

Inflection of -o (Kotus type 1/valo, no gradation)
nominative -o -ot
genitive -on -ojen
partitive -oa -oja
illative -oon -oihin
singular plural
nominative -o -ot
accusative nom. -o -ot
gen. -on
genitive -on -ojen
partitive -oa -oja
inessive -ossa -oissa
elative -osta -oista
illative -oon -oihin
adessive -olla -oilla
ablative -olta -oilta
allative -olle -oille
essive -ona -oina
translative -oksi -oiksi
abessive -otta -oitta
instructive — -oin
comitative See the possessive forms below.
Possessive forms of -o (type valo)
first-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative -oni -oni
accusative nom. -oni -oni
gen. -oni
genitive -oni -ojeni
partitive -oani -ojani
inessive -ossani -oissani
elative -ostani -oistani
illative -ooni -oihini
adessive -ollani -oillani
ablative -oltani -oiltani
allative -olleni -oilleni
essive -onani -oinani
translative -okseni -oikseni
abessive -ottani -oittani
instructive — —
comitative — -oineni
second-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative -osi -osi
accusative nom. -osi -osi
gen. -osi
genitive -osi -ojesi
partitive -oasi -ojasi
inessive -ossasi -oissasi
elative -ostasi -oistasi
illative -oosi -oihisi
adessive -ollasi -oillasi
ablative -oltasi -oiltasi
allative -ollesi -oillesi
essive -onasi -oinasi
translative -oksesi -oiksesi
abessive -ottasi -oittasi
instructive — —
comitative — -oinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative -omme -omme
accusative nom. -omme -omme
gen. -omme
genitive -omme -ojemme
partitive -oamme -ojamme
inessive -ossamme -oissamme
elative -ostamme -oistamme
illative -oomme -oihimme
adessive -ollamme -oillamme
ablative -oltamme -oiltamme
allative -ollemme -oillemme
essive -onamme -oinamme
translative -oksemme -oiksemme
abessive -ottamme -oittamme
instructive — —
comitative — -oinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative -onne -onne
accusative nom. -onne -onne
gen. -onne
genitive -onne -ojenne
partitive -oanne -ojanne
inessive -ossanne -oissanne
elative -ostanne -oistanne
illative -oonne -oihinne
adessive -ollanne -oillanne
ablative -oltanne -oiltanne
allative -ollenne -oillenne
essive -onanne -oinanne
translative -oksenne -oiksenne
abessive -ottanne -oittanne
instructive — —
comitative — -oinenne
third-person possessor
singular plural
nominative -onsa -onsa
accusative nom. -onsa -onsa
gen. -onsa
genitive -onsa -ojensa
partitive -oaan
-oansa 		-ojaan
-ojansa
inessive -ossaan
-ossansa 		-oissaan
-oissansa
elative -ostaan
-ostansa 		-oistaan
-oistansa
illative -oonsa -oihinsa
adessive -ollaan
-ollansa 		-oillaan
-oillansa
ablative -oltaan
-oltansa 		-oiltaan
-oiltansa
allative -olleen
-ollensa 		-oilleen
-oillensa
essive -onaan
-onansa 		-oinaan
-oinansa
translative -okseen
-oksensa 		-oikseen
-oiksensa
abessive -ottaan
-ottansa 		-oittaan
-oittansa
instructive — —
comitative — -oineen
-oinensa

Derived terms[edit]

Finnish terms suffixed with -o

See also[edit]

French[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Corresponds to -ot, -(e)au

Pronunciation[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-o

  1. added to a noun or an adjective after apocope, to create a familiar synonym

Derived terms[edit]

French terms suffixed with -o

Garo[edit]

Etymology[edit]

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix[edit]

-o

  1. (inflectional suffix) forms the locative case

Synonyms[edit]

  • -no (“forms locative”)

See also[edit]

  • -na (“forms dative”)
  • -ko (“forms accusative”)
  • -chi (“forms instrumental”)
  • -ni (“forms genitive”)

Gothic[edit]

Romanization[edit]

-o

  1. Romanization of -𐍉

Ido[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Esperanto -o, from Romance languages.

Suffix[edit]

-o

  1. Nominal suffix. All Ido nouns end in -o.

Italian[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Inherited from Latin -us, from Proto-Indo-European *-os (creates action nouns from verbs).

Suffix[edit]

-o m (noun-forming suffix, plural -i)

  2. (productive) used with a stem to form a masculine singular noun, usually a deverbal
    Synonym: -a
Derived terms[edit]
Italian terms suffixed with -o (deverbal)

Etymology 2[edit]

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix[edit]

-o (past participle-forming suffix, feminine -a, masculine plural -i, feminine plural -e)

  2. (not productive) used with a verb stem to form a past participle
Derived terms[edit]
Italian terms suffixed with -o (participle)

Etymology 3[edit]

From Latin -ō.

Suffix[edit]

-o (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)

  1. (productive) used with a stem to form the first-person singular present of regular are and ere verbs and those -ire verbs that do not take -isc-

Latin[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

See Proto-Indo-European *-h₃onh₂- (with nominative ō made common to all cases).

Suffix[edit]

-ō m (genitive -ōnis); third declension

  2. Used to form masculine nouns with various meanings:
    1. forms agent nouns, positive and especially negative nicknames and other personal designations, especially in colloquial language.
      combibere (“to drink together”) → combibō (“drinking buddy”)
      vāpulāre (“to get beaten”) → vāpulō (“who gets frequently flogged”)
      ?cōci- → cōciō (“broker”)
      centuria (“century”) → centuriō (“centurion”)
      mūlus (“mule”) → mūliō (“muleteer”)
      Ancient Greek μωρός (mōrós, “dull, sluggish”) → mōriō (“idiot”)
    2. also forms names, especially cognomina.
      aquila (“eagle”) → Aquilō (“the North wind”)
      incubāre (“to lie on top”) → Incubō (“a spirit that watches over buried treasures”)
      cūria (“curia”) → Cūriō
      cicer (“chickpea”) → Cicerō
      vārus (“bow-legged”) → Varrō
      catus (“clever, shrewd”) → Catō
      conger (“sea-eel”) → Congriō (“name of a cook in Plautus”)
    3. (Late Latin) also used as an ending for some inanimate nouns.
Declension[edit]

Third-declension noun.

Case Singular Plural
Nominative -ō -ōnēs
Genitive -ōnis -ōnum
Dative -ōnī -ōnibus
Accusative -ōnem -ōnēs
Ablative -ōne -ōnibus
Vocative -ō -ōnēs
Synonyms[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
Latin terms suffixed with -o (noun)
Descendants[edit]
  • French: -on
    • → English: -oon
  • Italian: -one
  • Portuguese: -ão
  • Romanian: -oi, -oni
  • Sicilian: -uni, -una
  • Spanish: -ón

References[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

From Proto-Italic *-ōd, an ablative suffix, derived from Proto-Indo-European *-éad.

Suffix[edit]

-ō (comparative -ius, superlative -issimō)

  2. forms adverbs
    prīmus + -ō → prīmō
    tūtus + -ō → tūtō
Derived terms[edit]
Latin terms suffixed with -o (adverb)

References[edit]

Etymology 3[edit]

From Proto-Italic *-āō or *-aēō, from the following sources:

Alternative forms[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-ō (present infinitive -āre, perfect active -āvī, supine -ātum); first conjugation

  2. suffixed to nouns or adjectives — originally a-stem nouns, but later nouns with other stems — forms regular first-conjugation verbs
    cūra + -ō → cūrō
    dōnum + -ō → dōnō
    laus (stem: laud-) + -ō → laudō
    multa + -ō → multō
    nūndinae + -or → nūndinor (deponent)
  4. suffixed to third-conjugation verbs in composition, forms regular first-conjugation verbs
    com- + pellō (pres. act. inf.: pellere) + -ō → compellō (pres. act. inf.: compellāre)
    prō- + flīgō (pres. act. inf.: flīgere) + -ō → prōflīgō (pres. act. inf.: prōflīgāre)
Conjugation[edit]
   Conjugation of -ō (first conjugation, verbs with the perfect infix -av-)
indicative singular plural
first second third first second third
active present -ō -ās -at -āmus -ātis -ant
imperfect -ābam -ābās -ābat -ābāmus -ābātis -ābant
future -ābō -ābis -ābit -ābimus -ābitis -ābunt
perfect -āvī -āvistī,
-āstī3 		-āvit,
-āt3 		-āvimus,
-āmus3 		-āvistis,
-āstis3 		-āvērunt,
-āvēre,
-ārunt3
pluperfect -āveram,
-āram3 		-āverās,
-ārās3 		-āverat,
-ārat3 		-āverāmus,
-ārāmus3 		-āverātis,
-ārātis3 		-āverant,
-ārant3
future perfect -āverō,
-ārō3 		-āveris,
-āris3 		-āverit,
-ārit3 		-āverimus,
-ārimus3 		-āveritis,
-āritis3 		-āverint,
-ārint3
sigmatic future1 -āssō -āssis -āssit -āssimus -āssitis -āssint
passive present -or -āris,
-āre 		-ātur -āmur -āminī -antur
imperfect -ābar -ābāris,
-ābāre 		-ābātur -ābāmur -ābāminī -ābantur
future -ābor -āberis,
-ābere 		-ābitur -ābimur -ābiminī -ābuntur
perfect -ātus + present active indicative of sum
pluperfect -ātus + imperfect active indicative of sum
future perfect -ātus + future active indicative of sum
sigmatic future1 -āssor -āsseris -āssitur — — —
subjunctive singular plural
first second third first second third
active present -em -ēs -et -ēmus -ētis -ent
imperfect -ārem -ārēs -āret -ārēmus -ārētis -ārent
perfect -āverim,
-ārim3 		-āverīs,
-ārīs3 		-āverit,
-ārit3 		-āverīmus,
-ārīmus3 		-āverītis,
-ārītis3 		-āverint,
-ārint3
pluperfect -āvissem,
-āssem3 		-āvissēs,
-āssēs3 		-āvisset,
-āsset3 		-āvissēmus,
-āssēmus3 		-āvissētis,
-āssētis3 		-āvissent,
-āssent3
sigmatic aorist1 -āssim -āssīs -āssīt -āssīmus -āssītis -āssint
passive present -er -ēris,
-ēre 		-ētur -ēmur -ēminī -entur
imperfect -ārer -ārēris,
-ārēre 		-ārētur -ārēmur -ārēminī -ārentur
perfect -ātus + present active subjunctive of sum
pluperfect -ātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative singular plural
first second third first second third
active present — -ā — — -āte —
future — -ātō -ātō — -ātōte -antō
passive present — -āre — — -āminī —
future — -ātor -ātor — — -antor
non-finite forms active passive
present perfect future present perfect future
infinitives -āre -āvisse,
-āsse3 		-ātūrum esse -ārī,
-ārier2 		-ātum esse -ātum īrī
participles -āns — -ātūrus — -ātus -andus
verbal nouns gerund supine
genitive dative accusative ablative accusative ablative
-andī -andō -andum -andō -ātum -ātū
   Conjugation of -ō (first conjugation, verbs with the perfect infix -u-)
indicative singular plural
first second third first second third
active present -ō -ās -at -āmus -ātis -ant
imperfect -ābam -ābās -ābat -ābāmus -ābātis -ābant
future -ābō -ābis -ābit -ābimus -ābitis -ābunt
perfect -uī -uistī -uit -uimus -uistis -uērunt,
-uēre
pluperfect -ueram -uerās -uerat -uerāmus -uerātis -uerant
future perfect -uerō -ueris -uerit -uerimus -ueritis -uerint
sigmatic future1 -āssō -āssis -āssit -āssimus -āssitis -āssint
passive present -or -āris,
-āre 		-ātur -āmur -āminī -antur
imperfect -ābar -ābāris,
-ābāre 		-ābātur -ābāmur -ābāminī -ābantur
future -ābor -āberis,
-ābere 		-ābitur -ābimur -ābiminī -ābuntur
perfect -ātus + present active indicative of sum
pluperfect -ātus + imperfect active indicative of sum
future perfect -ātus + future active indicative of sum
sigmatic future1 -āssor -āsseris -āssitur — — —
subjunctive singular plural
first second third first second third
active present -em -ēs -et -ēmus -ētis -ent
imperfect -ārem -ārēs -āret -ārēmus -ārētis -ārent
perfect -uerim -uerīs -uerit -uerīmus -uerītis -uerint
pluperfect -uissem -uissēs -uisset -uissēmus -uissētis -uissent
sigmatic aorist1 -āssim -āssīs -āssīt -āssīmus -āssītis -āssint
passive present -er -ēris,
-ēre 		-ētur -ēmur -ēminī -entur
imperfect -ārer -ārēris,
-ārēre 		-ārētur -ārēmur -ārēminī -ārentur
perfect -ātus + present active subjunctive of sum
pluperfect -ātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative singular plural
first second third first second third
active present — -ā — — -āte —
future — -ātō -ātō — -ātōte -antō
passive present — -āre — — -āminī —
future — -ātor -ātor — — -antor
non-finite forms active passive
present perfect future present perfect future
infinitives -āre -uisse -ātūrum esse -ārī,
-ārier2 		-ātum esse -ātum īrī
participles -āns — -ātūrus — -ātus -andus
verbal nouns gerund supine
genitive dative accusative ablative accusative ablative
-andī -andō -andum -andō -ātum -ātū

1At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.
2The present passive infinitive in -ier is a rare poetic form which is attested.
3At least one rare poetic syncopated perfect form is attested.

Derived terms[edit]
Latin terms suffixed with -o (denominative)
Latin terms suffixed with -o (compound verb)
Descendants[edit]

References[edit]

Etymology 4[edit]

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Alternative forms[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-ō (present infinitive -ere, perfect active -ī, supine -um); third conjugation

  1. forms regular third-conjugation verbs
Conjugation[edit]
   Conjugation of -ō (third conjugation)
indicative singular plural
first second third first second third
active present -ō -is -it -imus -itis -unt
imperfect -ēbam -ēbās -ēbat -ēbāmus -ēbātis -ēbant
future -am -ēs -et -ēmus -ētis -ent
perfect -ī -istī -it -imus -istis -ērunt,
-ēre
pluperfect -eram -erās -erat -erāmus -erātis -erant
future perfect -erō -eris -erit -erimus -eritis -erint
sigmatic future1 -ō -is -it -imus -itis -int
passive present -or -eris,
-ere 		-itur -imur -iminī -untur
imperfect -ēbar -ēbāris,
-ēbāre 		-ēbātur -ēbāmur -ēbāminī -ēbantur
future -ar -ēris,
-ēre 		-ētur -ēmur -ēminī -entur
perfect -us + present active indicative of sum
pluperfect -us + imperfect active indicative of sum
future perfect -us + future active indicative of sum
sigmatic future1 -or -eris -itur — — —
subjunctive singular plural
first second third first second third
active present -am -ās -at -āmus -ātis -ant
imperfect -erem -erēs -eret -erēmus -erētis -erent
perfect -erim -erīs -erit -erīmus -erītis -erint
pluperfect -issem -issēs -isset -issēmus -issētis -issent
sigmatic aorist1 -im -īs -īt -īmus -ītis -int
passive present -ar -āris,
-āre 		-ātur -āmur -āminī -antur
imperfect -erer -erēris,
-erēre 		-erētur -erēmur -erēminī -erentur
perfect -us + present active subjunctive of sum
pluperfect -us + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative singular plural
first second third first second third
active present — -e — — -ite —
future — -itō -itō — -itōte -untō
passive present — -ere — — -iminī —
future — -itor -itor — — -untor
non-finite forms active passive
present perfect future present perfect future
infinitives -ere -isse -ūrum esse -ī -um esse -um īrī
participles -ēns — -ūrus — -us -endus,
-undus
verbal nouns gerund supine
genitive dative accusative ablative accusative ablative
-endī -endō -endum -endō -um -ū

1At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.

Etymology 5[edit]

From Old Latin -ōi, from Proto-Italic *-ōi, from Proto-Indo-European *-oey.

Suffix[edit]

-ō

  1. dative/ablative masculine/neuter singular of -us

Etymology 6[edit]

Borrowed from a pre-Roman substrate of the Balkans. Compare Albanian -ónjë, Aromanian -oanje, -oanji, -onje and Romanian -oaie, all forming feminine equivalent of nouns.

Suffix[edit]

-ō f (genitive -ōnis); third declension

  1. form feminine equivalents of given names of central Dalmatia
    ‎Aplis m + ‎-o → ‎Aplo f
    ‎Baezus m + ‎-o → ‎Baezo f
    ‎Dasant- m + ‎-o → ‎Dasto f
    ‎Ditus m + ‎-o → ‎Dito f
    ‎Paius m + ‎-o → ‎Paio f
    ‎Vendes m + ‎-o → ‎Vendo f

References[edit]

See also[edit]

Lithuanian[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ā; compare Latvian -a, Proto-Slavic *-a (“id”). From the Proto-Indo-European thematic masculine ablative ending *-ōd, with regular Balto-Slavic loss of final d. Compare Sanskrit -आत् (-āt), Latin -ō and Ancient Greek ὄπ-ω (óp-ō, “whence”). In Balto-Slavic, the genitive merged with the ablative. The original genitive was retained, however, in West Baltic; compare Old Prussian -as, presumably from Proto-Indo-European *-os; compare Hittite 𒀸 (-as).

Suffix[edit]

-õ

  1. Used to form genitive singulars of masculine a-stem nouns.
  2. Used to form genitive singulars of masculine a-stem adjectives.

Etymology 2[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-o

  1. Used to form third person present tense forms in third declension verbs.
  2. Used to form third person past tense forms in first declension verbs.

Etymology 3[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-õ

  1. An illative suffix.
    ‎namas + ‎-o → ‎namo
Synonyms[edit]

Lower Sorbian[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-o

  1. -ly (used to turn an adjective into an adverb of manner)

Synonyms[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

Lower Sorbian terms suffixed with -o

Norwegian Nynorsk[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-o

  1. Used to make plural indefinite and definite forms for some neuter nouns
  2. (non-standard since 1917) Used to make singular definite form for some weak feminine nouns
  3. (archaic)(nonstandard) Used to mark plural form for strong verbs in past tense

Old Dutch[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Proto-West Germanic *-ō, from Proto-Germanic *-ô.

Suffix[edit]

-o

  2. Forms adverbs from adjectives.
Derived terms[edit]
Category Old Dutch terms suffixed with -o (adverb) not found
Descendants[edit]
  • Middle Dutch: -e

Etymology 2[edit]

From Proto-West Germanic *-jō, from Proto-Germanic *-jô.

Suffix[edit]

-o

  2. Forms agent nouns from verbs.
Derived terms[edit]
Old Dutch terms suffixed with -o (agent noun)

Old Galician-Portuguese[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Inherited from Latin -ō.

Suffix[edit]

-o

  1. a suffix indicating the first-person singular present indicative of verbs
    ‎amar (“to love”) + ‎-o → ‎amo (“[I] love”)
    ‎querer (“to want”) + ‎-o → ‎quero (“[I] want”)

Descendants[edit]

  • Galician: -o
  • Portuguese: -o

Old High German[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Proto-Germanic *-ô.

Suffix[edit]

-o

  1. Forms adverbs from adjectives.
Descendants[edit]
  • Middle High German: -e

Etymology 2[edit]

From Proto-Germanic *-ô. Cognate to Old English -a, in ǣta (“eater”), Old Norse -i, Gothic -𐌰 (-a), in 𐌽𐌿𐍄𐌰 (nuta, “fisher”). In some cases, the root appears in the zero-grade as in boto (from biotan).

Suffix[edit]

-o m

  1. used to form masculine agents from verbs
    ‎geban (“to give”) + ‎-o → ‎gëbo (“giver”)
    ‎sprehhan (“to speak”) + ‎-o → ‎sprëhho (“speaker”)
    ‎biotan (“to offer, send, command”) + ‎-o → ‎boto (“messenger”)
    ‎ziohan (“to pull, lead”) + ‎-o → ‎herizogo (“army leader”)
    ‎sagēn (“to say”) + ‎-o → ‎fora-sago (“prophet”)
Declension[edit]

Most nouns with this suffix follow the n-declension, like hano (“cock”), namo (“name”), gomo (“man”).

Descendants[edit]
  • Middle High German: -e
    • German: -e

In Middle High German, the suffix is replaced by -er (whence German -er), as in Middle High German gëber instead of Old High German gëbo. Only a few German words still have a final -e that results from Old High German -o.

Old Polish[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-o

  1. Forms adverbs from adjectives
    ‎barzy + ‎-o → ‎barzo

Derived terms[edit]

Old Polish terms suffixed with -o

See also[edit]

Old Saxon[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Proto-Germanic *-ô.

Suffix[edit]

-o

  1. Forms adverbs from adjectives.

Etymology 2[edit]

From Proto-Germanic *-ô. Cognate to Old English -a, in ǣta (“eater”), Gothic -𐌰 (-a), in 𐌽𐌿𐍄𐌰 (nuta, “fisher”).

Suffix[edit]

-o m

  1. used to form masculine agents from verbs and nouns
    ‎gevan (“to give”) + ‎-o → ‎gevo (“giver”)
    ‎beddi (“bed”) + ‎-o → ‎gibeddio (“bedfellow”)
Descendants[edit]
  • Middle Low German: -e

Polish[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-o

  1. Forms adverbs from adjectives
    ‎beztroski + ‎-o → ‎beztrosko
  2. Forms diminutives, softening the previous consonant
    ‎dziad + ‎-o → ‎dziadzio

Derived terms[edit]

Polish terms suffixed with -o

See also[edit]

Portuguese[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): (stressed on the penultimate syllable) /u/

Etymology 1[edit]

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese -o, from Latin -um.

Suffix[edit]

-o

  1. forms masculine singular nouns and adjectives

Etymology 2[edit]

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese -o, from Latin -ō, -eō, -iō. Compare Galician and Spanish -o.

Suffix[edit]

-o

  1. a suffix indicating the first-person singular present indicative of -ar
    ‎amar (“to love”) + ‎-o → ‎amo (“[I] love”)
  2. a suffix indicating the first-person singular present indicative of -er
    ‎comer (“to eat”) + ‎-o → ‎como (“[I] eat”)
  3. a suffix indicating the first-person singular present indicative of -ir
    ‎unir (“to unite”) + ‎-o → ‎uno (“[I] unite”)

Romani[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-o

  1. Forms the nominative singular of vocalic oikoclitic masculine nouns
  2. Forms the nominative masculine singular of vocalic oikoclitic adjectives
  3. Attaches to the perfective stem to form the third-person singular masculine past tense of intransitive verbs

Romanian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Slavic.

Suffix[edit]

-o

  1. Vocative singular (feminine)
    ‎mamă (“mother”) + ‎-o → ‎mamo
    ‎focă (“seal”) + ‎-o → ‎foco

Usage notes[edit]

This form of the vocative is informal, especially when referring to a person. The nominative/accusative ending is preferred.

Related terms[edit]

  • -e (vocative used for masculine and neuter adjectives or nouns)

Spanish[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Inherited from Latin -um, accusative of -us.

Suffix[edit]

-o m (noun-forming suffix, plural -os)

  1. Used with a stem to form a masculine singular noun
    ‎azafata (“female flight-attendant”) + ‎-o → ‎azafato (“male flight-attendant”)

Etymology 2[edit]

Inherited from Latin -ō.

Suffix[edit]

-o (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)

  1. suffix indicating the first-person singular present indicative of verbs

Swahili[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-o

  1. suffix used in nominal forms of verbs in the absence of a more specific suffix (such as -ji), in conjunction with a noun class prefix
    ‎-penda (“to love”) + ‎-o → ‎upendo (“love”)
    ‎-enda (“to go”) + ‎-o → ‎mwendo (“motion”)
  2. wa class(II), m class(III), and u class(XI) relative marker
See also[edit]
Swahili verbal concords (third person)
Class Subject concord Object concord Relative
affirmative negative
m(I) a-, yu- ha-, hayu- -m-, -mw-, -mu- -ye
wa(II) wa- hawa- -wa- -o
m(III) u- hau- -u- -o
mi(IV) i- hai- -i- -yo
ji(V) li- hali- -li- -lo
ma(VI) ya- haya- -ya- -yo
ki(VII) ki- haki- -ki- -cho
vi(VIII) vi- havi- -vi- -vyo
n(IX) i- hai- -i- -yo
n(X) zi- hazi- -zi- -zo
u(XI) u- hau- -u- -o
ku(XV/XVII) ku- haku- -ku- -ko
pa(XVI) pa- hapa- -pa- -po
mu(XVIII) m-, mw-, mu- ham-, hamw-, hamu- -mu- -mo
For a full table including first and second person, see Appendix:Swahili personal pronouns.

Etymology 2[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-o

  1. nonce suffix added for rhyming and scansion purposes
    • (Can we date this quote?), K. Amri Abedi, Ukitaka moyo wangu:
      Ukitaka moyo wangu, ni tayari kukupao
      If you want my heart, I am ready to give it to you

Swedish[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /ʊ/
  • When combined the stress is always on the first syllable.

Suffix[edit]

-o

  1. (colloquial) Combines with an (often clipped) word to create a noun referring to a person with a related property. Gives a familiar and to some extent diminutive nuance.
    ‎fylla (“drunkenness”) + ‎-o → ‎fyllo (“drunkard”)
    ‎fet (“fat”) + ‎-o → ‎fetto (“a fatty”)
    ‎snygg (“handsome”) + ‎-o → ‎snyggo (“handsome (noun)”)
    ‎puckad (“stupid”) + ‎-o → ‎pucko (“a stupid person”)
    ‎lycklig (“lucky, fortunate”) + ‎-o → ‎lyllo (“a fortunate person”)

Etymology 2[edit]

Inherited from Old Swedish -u, -o, from Old Norse -u.

Suffix[edit]

-o

  1. (archaic) In the indicative mood, conjugates verbs into the plural number.
    de äro
    they are
    vi sutto
    we sat
See also[edit]

Volapük[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-o

  1. adverb ending
  2. -wise (in the matter of; with regard to)

Derived terms[edit]

Volapük terms suffixed with -o

Welsh[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-o

  1. used to form pet names
    ‎Dai + ‎-o → ‎Deio
    ‎Gwen + ‎-o → ‎Gwenno
    ‎Iorwerth + ‎-o → ‎Iolo

Etymology 2[edit]

Suffix[edit]

-o

  1. (literary) verb suffix for the third-person singular present subjunctive

Etymology 3[edit]

From Middle Welsh -aw, from Proto-Brythonic *-ọβ̃.

Suffix[edit]

-o

  1. Forms verbnouns from verb stems.
    Synonyms: -i, -u
Usage notes[edit]

This suffix is mostly used for verbs where the stem ends in the consonant i (though for some such verbs, such as cynnig, the verbnoun is given by dropping the i from the stem) or the vowel in the last syllable is i, u, eu, or wy.[2]

Derived terms[edit]
Welsh terms suffixed with -o
Related terms[edit]
  • -io (Forms verbnouns from verbs and other parts of speech)

References[edit]

  1. ^ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 411
  2. ^ Morris Jones, John (1913) A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, § 202 iv
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