Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ō
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This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-West Germanic
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Proto-Germanic *-ô.
Suffix
[edit]*-ō
- Creates adverbs from adjectives.
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Old English: -o, -a
- Old Frisian: -a
- Old Saxon: -o
- Old Dutch: -o
- Middle Dutch: -e
- Old High German: -o
- Middle High German: -e
Etymology 2
[edit]From Proto-Germanic *-ô.
Suffix
[edit]*-ō
- Creates agent nouns from verbs.
Declension
[edit]| Masculine an-stem | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular | ||
| Nominative | *-ō | |
| Genitive | *-ini, *-an | |
| Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *-ō | *-an |
| Accusative | *-an | *-an |
| Genitive | *-ini, *-an | *-anō |
| Dative | *-ini, *-an | *-um |
| Instrumental | *-ini, *-an | *-um |
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]Etymology 3
[edit]In the genitive singular, from Proto-Germanic *-auz, from Proto-Indo-European *-ows, from *-us (u-stem suffix) + *-s (genitive singular suffix). In the dative singular, from Proto-Germanic *-awi, modification of *-iwi after *-auz.
Suffix
[edit]*-ō
- Forms the genitive singular of u-stem nouns
- *sunu (“son”) + -ō → *sunō (“son's”)
- Forms the dative singular of u-stem nouns
Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- Braune, Wilhelm (2004), Ingo von Reifenstein, editor, Althochdeutsche Grammatik (Sammlung Kurzer Grammatiken Germanisches Dialekte; 5), 15th edition, volume I: Laut- und Formenlehre, Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag, , →ISBN, § 220c, pages 205-206.
- Fulk, R[obert] D. (September 2018), “Nouns”, in A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages (Studies in Germanic Linguistics; 3)[1], Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, , →ISBN, →LCCN, § 7.24, page 163.
- Ringe, Donald; Taylor, Ann (2014), The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 57
Etymology 4
[edit]From a conflation of multiple endings:
- In the ō-stems, inherited from Proto-Germanic *-ôz, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂es, from *-eh₂ (eh₂-stem suffix) + *-es (nominative plural suffix).
- In the u-stems, by analogy with variation between *-ō and *-iwi in the dative singular, supported in the feminine u-stems by the ō-stems.
Suffix
[edit]*-ō
- Forms the nominative plural of õ-stem nouns
- *gebu (“gift”) + -ō → *gebō (“gifts”)
- (Anglo-Frisian) Forms the nominative plural of masculine and feminine u-stem nouns
Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- Fulk, R[obert] D. (September 2018), “Nouns”, in A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages (Studies in Germanic Linguistics; 3)[2], Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, , →ISBN, →LCCN, § 7.15, 23, pages 155-156, 163.
- Ringe, Donald; Taylor, Ann (2014), The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 57, 300, 376
Etymology 5
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Germanic *-ǫ̂, from Proto-Indo-European *-oHom (genitive plural ending).
Suffix
[edit]*-ō
- Forms the genitive plurals of a-stem, ō-stem, r-stem, and consonant stem nouns.
- *stain (“stone”) + -ō → *stainō (“stones', of stones”)
- When combined with a stem, forms the genitive plurals of various other noun classes.
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Old English: -a
- Middle English: -e
- Old Frisian: -a
- Old Saxon: -o
- Middle Low German: -e
- Old Dutch: -o
- Middle Dutch: -e
- Old High German: -o
References
[edit]- Fulk, R[obert] D. (September 2018), “Nouns”, in A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages (Studies in Germanic Linguistics; 3)[3], Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, , →ISBN, →LCCN, § 7.8, page 148.
- Ringe, Don (19 July 2006), “A sociolinguistically informed solution to an old historical problem: the Gothic genitive plural”, in Transactions of the Philological Society, volume 104, , →OCLC
Categories:
- Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Proto-West Germanic lemmas
- Proto-West Germanic suffixes
- Proto-West Germanic adverb-forming suffixes
- Proto-West Germanic noun-forming suffixes
- Proto-West Germanic masculine an-stem nouns
- Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Proto-West Germanic inflectional suffixes
- Proto-Anglo-Frisian