ki-

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ki"

Choctaw

Prefix

kī- (before vowels kil-, class N first-person plural)

1. the subject of a hortative verb

   let us

2. the subject of a negative active transitive verb

   we don't

3. the subject of a negative active intransitive verb

   we don't

Inflection

Choctaw Person Markers

			class I			class II		class III		class N		imperative
			+s	+C	+V	+C/i	+a/o	+C	+V	+C	+V	+C	+V
first-person	singular	initial	-li			sa-	si-	a̱-	am-	ak-		n/a
		medial						-sa-	-sam-
	paucal		ī-		il-	pi-		pi̱-	pim-	kī-	kil-
	plural					hapi-		hapi̱-	hapim-
second-person	singular		is-	ish-		chi-		chi̱-	chim-	chik-		∅
	plural		has-	hash-		hachi-		hachi̱-	hachim-	hachik-		ho-	oh-
third-person			∅			∅		i̱-	im-	ik-

Esperanto

Etymology

From interrogative and relative pronouns of European languages, such as French (qui, que, quoi, quel, quand, comment, combien), Italian (che), Russian (кто, как, какой, куда, когда).

Prefix

ki-

1. wh-, what (interrogative/relative correlative prefix)

Derived terms

• kiu (“which one, who, which/what (with a noun)”)
• kio (“what (without a noun)”)
• kia (“what kind of, what a ...!”)
• kies (“whose”)
• kiel (“how, to what degree”)
• kie (“where”)
• kiam (“when”)
• kiom (“how much”)
• kial (“why”)

Haitian Creole

Prefix

ki-

1. what, which (interrogative prefix)

Hungarian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈki]

• Audio

  (file)

Prefix

ki-

1. (verbal prefix) It indicates actions with outward direction or actions aiming fulfillment.

   megy (“to go”) → kimegy (“to exit, to go out”)

2. construed with magát and definite conjugation of originally intransitive verbs: to one's heart's content, as much as one wants or needs

   alszik (“to sleep”) → kialussza magát (“to get enough sleep”)

   úszik (“to swim”) → kiússza magát (“to have enough swim”)

   beszél (“to speak”) → kibeszéli magát (“to say everything that weighs on one’s mind”)

Derived terms

Hungarian verbs prefixed with ki-

See also

• Appendix:Hungarian verbal prefixes

References

• Hungarian verb prefixes in the English Wikipedia

Makasar

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ki]

Pronoun

ki- (nominative proclitic, Lontara spelling ᨀᨗ)

1. we (first person plural inclusive)
2. you (polite second person singular and plural)

See also

Makasar free and bound pronouns

	Independent	Absolutive	Nominative	Possessive
1st sg / 1st pl excl	nakke	-a'	ku-	-ku
1st pl excl (archaic)	kambe	-kang	ki-	-mang
1st pl incl / 2nd sg polite	katte	-ki'	ki-	-ta
2nd sg / pl familiar	kau	-ko	nu-	-nu
3rd sg / pl	ia	-i	na-	-na

Maquiritari

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ki-]

Prefix

ki-

1. Allomorph of k- (first-person-dual-inclusive non-transitive-agent prefix) used for stems that begin with a consonant and have a first vowel i.
2. Allomorph of k- (first-person-dual-inclusive transitive agent prefix) used for stems that begin with two consonants.

Inflection

Maquiritari personal markers

	pronoun	noun possessor/ series II verb argument		postposition object		series I verb argument
						transitive patient	intransitive patient-like		intransitive agent-like	transitive agent
first person	ewü	y-, ∅-, ü-, u-1						w-, wi-
first person dual inclusive	küwü	k-, kü-, ku-, ki-								k-, kii-, ki-1
second person	amödö	ö-, öy-/öd-, o-, oy-/od-, a-, ay-/ad-							m-, mi-
first person dual exclusive	nña	y-/d-, ch-, ∅-, i-1			chö-	∅-	n-, ni-
third person	tüwü					n-, ni-
distant past third person		—				kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini-
coreferential/reflexive	—	t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te-				—
reciprocal	—	—	öö-
With following vowel lengthened if in an unreduced open syllable.

	series I verb argument: transitive agent and transitive patient
first person > second person	mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni-
first person dual exclusive > second person
second person > first person	k-, kü-, ku-, ki-
second person > first person dual exclusive
third person > any person X …or… any person X > third person	see person X in the chart above

Old High German

Prefix

ki-

1. (Bavaria) Alternative form of gi-

Pipil

Pronunciation

• (standard) IPA^(key): /ɣi/

Prefix

ki-

1. (personal) it, her, him, third-person singular object marker.

   Te kikak aka

   Nobody heard it/him/her

Usage notes

• When the prefix "-ki-" is being preceded by a subject marker o followed by an initial "i" in the verb, it loses its own i and becomes just "-k-", as in this example:

Nikneki se kinia

I want (it) a banana

See also

Pipil verb object markers

			singular	plural
1st person			nech-	tech-
2nd person			metz-	metzin-
3rd person			ki-	kin-

• yaja (personal pronoun)

Swahili

Pronunciation

• Audio (Kenya)

  (file)

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *kɪ̀-.

Alternative forms

• ch-

Prefix

ki- (plural vi-)

1. ki class_(VII) noun prefix and adjective agreement prefix, denoting mostly artefacts (objects made by humans) and people or objects with physical defects

   kitu kizuri ― a nice thing

   kilema ― a crippled person

   1. diminutive prefix

      ‎ki- + ‎mtoto (“child”) → ‎kitoto (“baby”)

2. prefix used to derive adverbs from nouns describing human qualities

   ‎ki- + ‎mtoto (“child”) → ‎kitoto (“childishly”)

   ‎ki- + ‎-shenzi (“barbarous”) → ‎kishenzi (“like a barbarian”)

   1. forms the name of a language

      ‎ki- + ‎Arabic سَوَاحِل‎ (sawāḥil, “coastal dwellers”) → ‎Kiswahili (“Swahili language”)

      ‎ki- + ‎Uingereza (“England”) → ‎Kiingereza (“English language”)

3. (prefixed to an entire noun, including its class prefix) adverbial prefix

   ‎ki- + ‎mapenzi (“love”) → ‎kimapenzi (“romantically”)

   • 2022, Muungano wa Tanganyika na Zanzibar: Chimbuko, Misingi na Maendeleo, Serikali ya Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania, →ISBN:

     […] mwingiliano wa miaka mingi kibiashara, kijamii na kiutamaduni katika nchi hizi mbili.

     […] many years of interaction, commercially, societally, and culturally, between these two countries.

4. (prefixed to reduplicated locative word) adverbial prefix

   ‎ki- + ‎juu (“top, surface”) → ‎kijuujuu (“superficially”)

Usage notes

Adverbs derived with this prefix are often used as adjectives with a preceding -a:

‎-a + ‎ki- + ‎mke (“woman”) → ‎-a kike (“female”)

‎-a + ‎ki- + ‎mataifa (“nations”) → ‎-a kimataifa (“international”)

See also

• Appendix:Swahili noun classes

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *kɪ́-.

Prefix

ki-

1. it, ki class_(VII) subject concord
2. verb-initial form of -ki- (“it, ki class_(VII) object concord”)

See also

Swahili verbal concords (third person)

Class	Subject concord		Object concord	Relative
	affirmative	negative
m(I)	a-, yu-	ha-, hayu-	-m-, -mw-, -mu-	-ye
wa(II)	wa-	hawa-	-wa-	-o
m(III)	u-	hau-	-u-	-o
mi(IV)	i-	hai-	-i-	-yo
ji(V)	li-	hali-	-li-	-lo
ma(VI)	ya-	haya-	-ya-	-yo
ki(VII)	ki-	haki-	-ki-	-cho
vi(VIII)	vi-	havi-	-vi-	-vyo
n(IX)	i-	hai-	-i-	-yo
n(X)	zi-	hazi-	-zi-	-zo
u(XI)	u-	hau-	-u-	-o
ku(XV/XVII)	ku-	haku-	-ku-	-ko
pa(XVI)	pa-	hapa-	-pa-	-po
mu(XVIII)	m-, mw-, mu-	ham-, hamw-, hamu-	-mu-	-mo
For a full table including first and second person, see Appendix:Swahili personal pronouns.

Tooro

Alternative forms

• (before vowels) ky-

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *kɪ́-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ki-/, [ci-]

Prefix

ki-

1. class 7 pronominal concord

   ‎ki- + ‎-nu (“this, these”) → ‎kinu (“this (class 7)”)

2. it; class 7 subject concord

   ‎ki- + ‎-kora (“to do”) → ‎kikora (“it (class 7) does”)

3. positive imperative form of -ki- (“it; class 7 object concord”)

   ‎ki- + ‎-ha (“to give”) → ‎kiha (“give it (class 7)”)

See also

Tooro personal pronouns

Number	Person	Independent	Possessive	Subject concord	Object concord	Combined forms
						na	ni
Singular	First	nyowe, nye	-ange	n-	-n-	nanyowe, nanye	ninyowe, ninye
	Second	iwe	-awe	o-	-ku-	naiwe	niiwe
	Third	uwe	-e	a-	-mu-	nawe	nuwe
Plural	First	itwe	-aitu	tu-	-tu-	naitwe	niitwe
	Second	inywe	-anyu	mu-	-ba-	nainywe	niinywe
	Third	abo	-abo	ba-	-ba-	nabo	nibo
Class 3		gwo	-agwo	gu-	-gu-	nagwo	nigwo
Class 4		yo	-ayo	e-	-gi-	nayo	niyo
Class 5		lyo	-alyo	li-	-li-	nalyo	niryo
Class 6		go	-ago	ga-	-ga-	nago	nigo
Class 7		kyo	-akyo	ki-	-ki-	nakyo	nikyo
Class 8		byo	-abyo	bi-	-bi-	nabyo	nibyo
Class 9		yo	-ayo	e-	-gi-	nayo	niyo
Class 10		zo	-azo	zi-	-zi-	nazo	nizo
Class 11		rwo	-arwo	ru-	-ru-	narwo	nirwo
Class 12		ko	-ako	ka-	-ka-	nako	niko
Class 13		two	-atwo	tu-	-tu-	natwo	nitwo
Class 14		bwo	-abwo	bu-	-bu-	nabwo	nibwo
Class 15		kwo	-akwo	ku-	-ku-	nakwo	nikwo
Class 16		ho	-aho	ha-	-ha-	naho	niho
Reflexive		-enyini, -onyini	—		-e-	—

References

• Kaji, Shigeki (2007) A Rutooro Vocabulary‎^[1] (in English), Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, page 414