w-

See also: Appendix:Variations of "w"

Navajo

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /w-/

Prefix

w-

2. A peg element added to 2nd person plural ∅-imperfective verbs and 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person optative verbs to fit syllable shape restraints

   ‎oh- + -cha + ‎w- → ‎wohcha (“You (plural) are crying”)

See also

Navajo ∅-imperfective subject markers

			singular	duoplural	plural
1st person			(yi)sh-	(y)ii-	deii-
2nd person			ni-	(w)oh-	daah-
3rd person			yi-		daa-
4th person			ji-		daji-

Navajo optative mode subject markers

		singular	duoplural
1st person		wósh-	woo(d)-
2nd person		wóó-	wooh-
3rd person		wó-
4th person		jó-
areal/spatial		hó-

• Navajo terms prefixed with w- (peg element)

  wooh-

  wó-

  wósh-

  wóó-

  wolyé

Ojibwe

Prefix

w-

1. Alternative form of o-

Usage notes

w- appears before stems that begin with ii.

See also

Ojibwe personal prefixes

		stem begins with...	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
consonants		p t k h ch m n s sh w y	ni-	gi-	o-
		d g ' j z zh	nin-
		b	nim-
vowels		o	nindo-	gido-	odo-
		a aa e i	nind-	gid-	od-
		oo	n-	g-
		ii			w-

Old Polish

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Slavic *vъ-

Old Polish w-

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *vъ-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /v/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /v/

Prefix

w-

1. indicates motion inside or inward

   Antonym: wy-

   ‎w- + ‎rzucić → ‎wrzucić

2. indicates motion upward

   ‎w- + ‎stać → ‎wstać

Derived terms

Old Polish terms prefixed with w-

wdać

wkładać

wkłaść

Polish

Alternative forms

• we-

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Slavic *vъ-

Old Polish w-

Polish w-

Inherited from Old Polish w-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /v/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -v
• Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]
• Homophone: w

Prefix

w-

1. indicates motion inside or inward

   Antonym: wy-

   ‎w- + ‎rzucić → ‎wrzucić

2. indicates motion upward

   Synonyms: pod-, wz-

   ‎w- + ‎stać → ‎wstać

Derived terms

Polish terms prefixed with w-

wbarcić

wbić

wbiec

wbiegać

wbudować

wchłonąć

wchodzić

wcielić

wciąć

wciągać

wciskać

wcisnąć

wczepiać

wczepić

wczołgać

wczuć

wczytać

wdać

wdawać

wdech

wdrapać

wdrożyć

wdrylić

wdusić

wdychać

wdzięk

wdziać

wgiąć

wglądać

wgłębić

wgnieść

wgrać

wgramolić

wejść

wjebać

wjechać

wjeżdżać

wkasać

wkleić

wklepać

wkluczyć

wkładać

wkłaść

wkomponować

wkopać

wkraść

wkręcić

wkroczyć

wkuć

wkupić

wkurwić

wkurzyć

wlać

wlatywać

wlecieć

wleźć

wliczyć

władować

włamać

włazić

włączyć

włożyć

wmawiać

wmieszać

wmieść

wmówić

wmurować

wmusić

wnerwić

wniewolić

wniebowzięty

wnieść

wniknąć

wnosić

worać

wpadać

wpaść

wpatrzyć

wpełzać

wpełznąć

wpędzić

wpienić

wpiąć

wpieprzyć

wpierdolić

wpisać

wplątać

wpleść

wpłacić

wpłynąć

wpływać

wpoić

wprawić

wprowadzić

wprząść

wpuszczać

wpuścić

wraić

wrazić

wrąbać

wręczyć

wrobić

wrodzić

wrodzony

wrosnąć

wrostek

wryć

wrzepić

wrzucić

wsadzić

wsierdzie

wsiadać

wsiąkać

wsiąść

wskakiwać

wskoczyć

wskórać

wsławić

wsłuchać

wstać

wstawać

wstawiać

wstawić

wstąpić

wsunąć

wsuwać

wsypać

wszamać

wszczepić

wszyć

wtajemniczyć

wtarabanić

wtargnąć

wciry

wtłoczyć

wtoczyć

wtopić

wtrącić

wtrynić

wtykać

wwiercić

wwieźć

wklęsać

wwozić

wstrzyknąć

wzrok

wezwać

wżenić

wtranżolić

Further reading

• w- in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Swahili

Alternative forms

• u-

Prefix

w- (plural ny-)

1. u class_(XI) noun prefix used before vowels

   wakati mwingine ― another time

Tooro

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /w-/

Prefix

w-

1. Form used before a verb affixed with -a- or subjunctive -e- of o-

   ‎w- + ‎efubike (“to cover oneself”) → ‎wefubike (“may you cover yourself”)

Ye'kwana

Etymology 1

Alternative forms

• ∅- (allomorph before a consonant)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [w-]

Prefix

w-

1. Obligatorily marks derivations of intransitive verbs adverbialized with -e or nominalized with any marker.

Usage notes

This prefix is unrealized (disappears) when the stem it is attached to begins with a consonant. When it is used in the third person, the third-person marker y- itself is unrealized, but it palatalizes this suffix w- to y- and lengthens the vowel after it if possible, so that w- appears to disappear (as it becomes indistinguishable from the pre-vocalic form of the third-person marker y- that palatalized it).

This prefix comes between the person marker and the verb stem.

Etymology 2

Alternative forms

• wi- (allomorph before a consonant)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [w-]

Prefix

w-

1. Marks a transitive verb as having a first-person agent/subject when the patient/object is of third person.
2. Marks an intransitive verb with agent-like argument or (with certain vowel-initial verbs) patient-like argument as having a first-person argument/subject with verb forms that take series I markers.

Usage notes

The form w- is used with stems that start with a vowel; wi- is used with those that start with a consonant, in which case the initial consonant is also palatalized. In practice, since all intransitive verbs to which this prefix can attach start with a vowel, wi- only appears on certain transitive verbs.

Inflection

Ye'kwana personal markers

	pronoun	noun possessor/ series II verb argument		postposition object		series I verb argument
						transitive patient	intransitive patient-like		intransitive agent-like	transitive agent
first person	ewü	y-, ∅-, ü-, u-1						w-, wi-
first person dual inclusive	küwü	k-, kü-, ku-, ki-								k-, kii-, ki-1
second person	amödö	ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh-							m-, mi-
first person dual exclusive	nña	y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-1			chö-	∅-	n-, ni-
third person	tüwü					n-, ni-
distant past third person		—				kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini-
coreferential/reflexive	—	t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te-				—
reciprocal	—	—	öö-
With following vowel lengthened if in an unreduced open syllable.

	series I verb argument: transitive agent and transitive patient
first person > second person	mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni-
first person dual exclusive > second person
second person > first person	k-, kü-, ku-, ki-
second person > first person dual exclusive
third person > any person X …or… any person X > third person	see person X in the chart above

References

• Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “w-”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎^[1], Lyon, pages 152, 179–180, 200–202